{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T13:12:30Z","timestamp":1788613950563,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GO 3182\/2\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GO 3182\/2\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an optical imaging technique that allows in vivo, real\u2010time, microscope\u2010like assessment of superficial lesions. Although there is substantial data on CLE use in the upper GI tract, there is limited information regarding its application in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. This study aims to assess the feasibility and diagnostic metrics of CLE in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses regarding differentiation between healthy\/benign and malignant tissue. These structures show, however, a wider variety of frequent and concomitant benign and malignant pathologies, which could pose an increased challenge for optical biopsy by CLE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed CLE on a case series of six patients with various findings in the nose (three chronic rhinosinusitis, adenocarcinoma, meningoenzephalozele, esthesionneuroblastoma). Forty\u2010two sequences (3792 images) from various structures in the nasal cavity and\/or paranasal sinuses were acquired. Biopsies were taken at corresponding locations and analyzed in hematoxylin and eosin staining as a standard of reference. Three independent examiners blinded to the histopathology assessed the sequences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Healthy and inflamed mucosa could be distinguished from malignant lesions with an accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 84.1%, 85.4%, 83.1%, 72.5%, and 92.1%, respectively, with a substantial agreement between raters (Fleiss\n                      <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.62).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This technique shows, despite its limitations, potential as an adjunctive imaging technique during sinus surgery; however, the creation of a scoring system based on reproducible and defined characteristics in a larger more diverse population should be the focus of further research to improve its diagnostic value and clinical utility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NA\n                      <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 134:4217\u20134224, 2024\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T09:26:50Z","timestamp":1716024410000},"page":"4217-4224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Feasibility of Optical Biopsy During Endoscopic Sinus Surgery With Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5050-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann\u2010Kathrin","family":"Frenken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH\u2010Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0741-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Sievert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg, University Hospital  Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharat","family":"Panuganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine  Birmingham Alabama U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Aubreville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt  Ingolstadt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Till","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agmal","family":"Scherzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7417-3009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Gehrke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Scheich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Hackenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Goncalves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1331-2469"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215100158542"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2022.105826"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1339-1635"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2022.105978"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1724091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103197"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28483"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30233"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2021.103323"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/216209"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1418-9175"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-0919-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-2121"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2021.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17879\/freeneuropathology-2022-4369"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27450"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-06659-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07304-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13193081"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22784"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96520-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1651501"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04207.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2021.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-06954-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202304_32146"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.27429"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92262-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-02822-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/den.14659"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12320-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-018-1836-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AubrevilleM GoncalvesM KnipferC et al.Transferability of deep learning algorithms for malignancy detection in confocal laser endomicroscopy images from different anatomical locations of the upper gastrointestinal tract. 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