{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T13:12:29Z","timestamp":1788613949563,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although olfactory dysfunction is one of the most common presenting signs of COVID\u201019 infection, little is known about which populations are most susceptible. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of COVID\u201019\u2010induced chemosensory dysfunction in malnourished individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The N3C database was queried for adults having positive COVID\u201019 test result, diagnosis of chemosensory dysfunction within 2\u2009weeks of positive test date, and overnutrition or undernutrition (i.e., deficiency or excess of micro\u2010 and macronutrients) related diagnoses prior to COVID\u201019 infection. Individuals previously diagnosed with chemosensory dysfunction were excluded. COVID\u201019\u2010positive adults without olfactory dysfunction were similarly analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using odds ratio calculations (95% confidence interval [CI]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 3,971,536 patients with COVID\u201019, 73,211 adults were identified with a diagnosis of undernutrition and 428,747 adults were identified with a diagnosis of overnutrition prior to infection. Of those with undernutrition, 264 (0.36%) individuals were identified with a diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction within 2\u2009weeks of infection. Of those with overnutrition, 2851 (0.66%) individuals were identified with a diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction within 2\u2009weeks of infection. The calculated odds ratio for undernutrition and olfactory dysfunction was 0.731 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001, 95% CI [0.0647, 0.0825]). The calculated odds ratio for overnutrition and olfactory dysfunction was 1.419 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001, 95% CI [1.3359, 1.5081]).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overnutrition may increase the risk of COVID\u201019\u2010related olfactory dysfunction, while undernutrition may slightly protect. While reasons are unclear, baseline differences in metabolic, inflammatory, and structural biochemistry deserve closer inspection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      3\n                      <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 134:4338\u20134343, 2024\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T06:53:55Z","timestamp":1722322435000},"page":"4338-4343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impact of Nutritional Status on\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019\u2010Induced Olfactory Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2864-6151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Mastoloni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine  Richmond Virginia U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine  Richmond Virginia U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine  Richmond Virginia U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the N3C consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820926473"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2021.103001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S408706"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.12.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06575-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000523893"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00460"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-020-00987-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000514888"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2023.103962"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14010016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-41375-9_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23170"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061262"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12078-021-09294-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Malnutrition.2021Accessed November 25 2023.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/malnutrition."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Malnutrition. 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