{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T22:21:05Z","timestamp":1785450065242,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004085","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1F1A1049965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1049965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004085","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102024\u201000340841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102024\u201000340841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study explores the connection between chronic stress and tinnitus, a phantom auditory perception, using an animal model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rats were subjected to 2\u2009h of daily restraint stress for 10\u2009days. Tinnitus was assessed on the last day of stress exposure using the gap response of pre\u2010pulse inhibition acoustic reflex, measured at 60\u2009dB background sound level at 8, 16, and 20\u2009kHz. Chronic stress\u2010exposed rats were categorized into two groups: tinnitus (RTG) and non\u2010tinnitus (RNTG). Various tests, including hearing assessments (distortion product otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem response), behavioral evaluations (elevated plus maze test and forced swimming test), and immunohistochemical studies in the auditory and limbic brain regions, were conducted to understand the relationship between chronic stress, tinnitus, and behavioral changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following chronic restraint stress, 64.3% of the rats exhibited tinnitus with no audiometric changes. EPM and FST indicated an increase of anxiety\u2010 and depression\u2010related behavior in RTG. Immunohistochemical analyses identified specific alterations in the expression of neurotransmitter receptors within brain regions implicated in tinnitus. Specifically, we observed a decrease in \u03b3\u2010aminobutyric acid A receptor \u03b11 expression and an increase in glutamate receptor (N\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate receptor subunit 1 and receptor subunit 2B) expression in specific brain region. These changes suggest a reorganization of neural circuits associated with the tinnitus generation and behavioral changes of the rats after chronic stress exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic stress alone can be a causal factor for the generation of tinnitus and behavioral changes through altered neural activities in tinnitus\u2010related brain networks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 135:873\u2013881, 2025<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T09:49:01Z","timestamp":1729072141000},"page":"873-881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Tinnitus Generation and Behavioral Changes Caused by Chronic Stress: A Behavioral and Brain Study in a Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8066-5944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye Lin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo Jeong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vector Borne Disease, College of Korea Zoonosis Research Institute The Jeonbuk National University  Iksan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7728-1232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Sang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4828-1510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Hyung","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6419-1000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1613-4209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilyong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine Dankook University  Cheonan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7614-9413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi Nae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine The Catholic 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