{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T05:02:11Z","timestamp":1739854931594,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Providing insight for pediatric ear surgery via investigations on the development patterns of ossicles, mastoid, and external auditory canal (EAC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective study analyzed high\u2010resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans of 191 healthy temporal bones ranging from infants to adults. Subjects were grouped by 1\u2010year intervals for developmental regression models and 3\u2010year intervals for stage comparisons using <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests or Mann\u2013Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The size of auditory ossicles and tympanic cavity (TC) remained stable during development, while the minimum diameter of the tympanic sinus (TS) entrance was reduced. Regarding mastoid pneumatization, the air cells can be observed at birth, became pronounced at 2\u2009years old, and were fully developed around the age of 5, with subsequent growth primarily involving radial expansion. Furthermore, the EAC demonstrated significant growth with age: the width of EAC increased linearly (\u2009=\u20090.12<jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\u2009+\u20094.01, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.85), while the length of EAC followed a polynomial growth pattern (\u2009=\u2009\u22120.03<jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009+\u20091.15<jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\u2009+\u20096.25, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.96).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ossicles and TC remain stable during development. Furthermore, mastoid air cells may have developed in the early stages of life, while their diameter increases synchronously with EAC. All in all, ossicular chain reconstruction surgery and endoscopic ear surgery can be performed in babies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA <jats:italic>Laryngoscope<\/jats:italic>, 135:1199\u20131206, 2025<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T12:29:47Z","timestamp":1729254587000},"page":"1199-1206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Providing Insight for Pediatric Ear Surgery: Analysis of Middle Ear Development via <scp>HRCT<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2132-0130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cenfei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology Eye &amp; ENT Hospital, Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology Eye &amp; ENT Hospital, Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology Eye &amp; ENT Hospital, Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dantong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology Eye &amp; ENT Hospital, Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinda","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology Eye &amp; ENT Hospital, Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Eye &amp; ENT Hospital, Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye &amp; ENT Hospital Fudan University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Fudan University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561319856325"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr2369w"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"UnurE \u00dclgerH Eki\u0307Nci\u0307N.Morphometrical and morphological variations of middle ear Ossicles in the newborn.2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000154728.23657.3a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ami.2018.82002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/iao.2023.22958"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000154731.08410.b8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23760"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599813509589"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022016000100027"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"1378","article-title":"Volume assessment of age\u2010related conversion of the tympanic cavity by helical computerized tomography scanning","volume":"25","author":"Kavakli A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24896"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-021-02859-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31817f736b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000004089"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269360"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13816810.2011.634881"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.145.3.473"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)74773-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01583161"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-011-1829-y"}],"container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.31813","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T06:07:21Z","timestamp":1739772441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lary.31813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lary.31813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.31813","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-852X","1531-4995"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0023-852X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1531-4995"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}