{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:59:58Z","timestamp":1791583198275,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) often requires multiple treatments. When topical steroids prove insufficient, endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is the primary intervention. Among surgical options, reboot surgery is an innovative approach that offers the potential for prolonged disease control in rapidly recurring cases, delaying the need for monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy. Our study investigates the histological and ultrastructural aspects of mucosal regeneration post\u2010reboot surgery, providing evidence beyond clinical observations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five adult patients with recurrent CRSwNP, having undergone previous ESS, were enrolled in our study along with one control patient. All underwent partial reboot surgery, and biopsies were taken at pretreatment, 3\u2010, 12\u2010, and 24\u2010months post\u2010op. Analysis included clinical history, demographics, nasal polyps score, CT scans, and ACCESS score. All biopsies were analyzed using light (LM) and electron microscopy (both in transmission and scanning mode [TEM and SEM], respectively). Clinical response was assessed with Sinonasal Outcome Test\u201022 (SNOT\u201022) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Difference of means of SNOT\u201022 and VAS scores, pre versus at 24\u2009months, were statistically significant (69.8 vs. 18.6, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043; 9.2 vs. 1.2, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.038, respectively). The histological and ultrastructural analysis revealed significant changes in mucosal morphology, collagen composition, vascularity, and cell adhesion, with gradual restoration of normal epithelium and ciliary structure over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence of mucosal regeneration was provided at LM and electron microscopy. Reboot surgery is an innovative procedure that may be considered a valid alternative to mAbs, especially in younger patients, considering costs of medication and long\u2010term safety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>Level 4.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.32166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T09:23:56Z","timestamp":1744795436000},"page":"3082-3092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Nasal Mucosa Regeneration After Reboot Surgery: Electron Microscopy and Histology Insights in <scp>CRSwNP<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8925-6341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Pirola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Unit IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital  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