{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T21:43:36Z","timestamp":1781905416390,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]],"date-time":"2025-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]],"date-time":"2025-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749254400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC019387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC019387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Examination of the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) and family language on communication mode after cochlear implant (CI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on 176 children implanted at &lt;\u200937\u2009months were obtained from medical records including insurance type as a representation of SES, family language (English\u2010only\/Spanish\u2010bilingual\/Spanish requiring interpreter), habilitation (Oral only\/Includes sign), age at CI(s), bilateral or unilateral CI, open\u2010set speech perception (Yes\/No).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Communication mode (Oral only\/Includes sign) was the outcome of interest. Mean age at first CI\u2009=\u200920.8\u2009months (6.7\u201336.8); mean follow\u2010up\u2009=\u20095.8\u2009years (1.1\u201310.4). Inferential statistical analyses, including regression analysis, were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oral\u2010only communication was obtained in 84.9% of commercially insured compared to 33.7% of Medicaid\u2010eligible children (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.001). Higher SES (commercially insured) with English\u2010only parents more likely used oral\u2010only communication than the other parental language groups (90.3% vs. 75.0% and 33.3%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.001). All parental language groups of Medicaid\u2010funded children had low rates of oral\u2010only communication. SES accounted for most variance in whether oral\u2010only communication was achieved, followed by open\u2010set speech perception and age of first implant. Together, these accounted for 44% of variance (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.439). Parental language did not significantly contribute to the prediction of oral\u2010only communication mode.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SES is a major contributing factor to spoken language outcomes in children receiving CIs through age 3\u2009years. Children from bilingual Spanish\u2010English or Spanish\u2010only speaking families are less likely to use only spoken language than those from English\u2010only families, but this difference appears to be influenced by lower SES and older age of implantation and not necessarily by exposure to other languages.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:bold>\n                      4.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.32315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]],"date-time":"2025-06-07T08:34:23Z","timestamp":1749285263000},"page":"4404-4411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impact of Socioeconomic Status and Family Language on Implanted Children's Communication Mode"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1498-2984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy M.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Ann &amp; Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Knowles Hearing Center, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Audiology Ann &amp; Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Tournis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Audiology Ann &amp; Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Hoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tahoe Forest Health System  California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1662-1525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily Shimeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Ann &amp; Robert H. 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