{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:10:33Z","timestamp":1790377833489,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clear, complete operative documentation is essential for surgical safety, continuity of care, and medico\u2010legal standards. Large language models such as ChatGPT offer promise for automating clinical documentation; however, their performance in operative note generation, particularly in surgical subspecialties, remains underexplored. This study aimed to compare the quality, accuracy, and efficiency of operative notes authored by a surgical resident, attending surgeon, GPT alone, and an attending surgeon using GPT as a writing aid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five publicly available otolaryngologic procedures were selected. For each procedure, four operative notes were generated, one by a resident, one by an attending, one by GPT alone, and one by a hybrid of attending plus GPT. Ten blinded otolaryngologists (five residents, five attendings) independently reviewed all 20 notes. Reviewers scored each note across eight domains using a five\u2010point scale, assigned a final approval rating, and provided qualitative feedback. Writing time was recorded to assess documentation efficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hybrid notes written by an attending surgeon with GPT assistance received the highest average domain scores and the highest \u201cas is\u201d approval rate (79%), outperforming all other groups. GPT\u2010only notes were the fastest to generate but had the lowest approval rate (23%) and the highest incidence of both omissions and overdocumentation. Writing time was significantly reduced in both AI\u2010assisted groups compared to human\u2010only authorship. Inter\u2010rater reliability among reviewers was moderate to high across most domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this limited dataset, hybrid human\u2013AI collaboration outperformed both human\u2010only and AI\u2010only authorship in operative documentation. These findings support GPT\u2010assisted documentation to improve operative note efficiency and consistency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>N\/A.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.70063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T13:19:33Z","timestamp":1755695973000},"page":"605-615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Surgeon, Trainee, or\n                    <scp>GPT<\/scp>\n                    ? A Blinded Multicentric Study of\n                    <scp>AI<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Augmented Operative Notes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0651-6994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sholem","family":"Hack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City St. George's University of London, School of Medicine, Program Delivered by University of Nicosia at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center  Ramat Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Attal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City St. George's University of London, School of Medicine, Program Delivered by University of Nicosia at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center  Ramat Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Unit, Santi Paolo E Carlo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi Di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Scotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Sheffield Teaching Hospitals  Sheffield UK"},{"name":"ENT Department Royal Hallamshire Hospital  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1251-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Maniaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d  Enna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica Maria","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cG.F. Ingrassia\u201d, ENT Section University of Catania  Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolien","family":"van der Poel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Antwerp University Hospital  Edegem Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margot","family":"Van Daele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Antwerp University Hospital  Edegem Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainhoa","family":"Garcia\u2010Lliberos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Valencia University General Hospital  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Rodriguez\u2010Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Valencia University General Hospital  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9454-9464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Miguel","family":"Chiesa\u2010Estomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Biodonostia Research Institute, Osakidetza, Donostia University Hospital  San Sebastian Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maider","family":"Andueza\u2010Guembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Biodonostia Research Institute, Osakidetza, Donostia University Hospital  San Sebastian Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pollara","family":"Cobb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Children's National Hospital  Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib G.","family":"Zalzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Children's National Hospital  Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto Maria","family":"Saibene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Unit, Santi Paolo E Carlo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi Di Milano  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/CUREUS.48147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/CUREUS.70726"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/CUREUS.80617"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/CUREUS.63398"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2020.1817858"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/CUREUS.9707"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S12070\u2010021\u201002492\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/LIO2.903"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/CUREUS.32222"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/PBC.31280"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/ARCHSURG.2011.228"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AMJSURG.2019.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00268\u2010019\u201005017\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/59617"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/JAMIA\/OCAD258"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/CUREUS.40546"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/CUREUS.73994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/CUREUS.57728"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS\u2010D\u201023\u201000474"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000006450"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2024.32460"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","article-title":"Improving Clinical Documentation With Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Perkins S. 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