{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:25:47Z","timestamp":1790295947355,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) occasionally affects women of childbearing age. Surgical intervention is the primary treatment, yet limited research exists on factors influencing disease severity. This study explores the impact of hormonal contraception on iSGS recurrence rates and surgery\u2010free intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary academic care center. Patients using hormonal birth control (e.g., estrogen\u2010progesterone pills, progesterone implants) during their first procedure were classified in \u201cBirth Control (BC)\u201d group, while those not using contraceptives were placed in \u201cNo Birth Control (NBC)\u201d group. Poisson regression evaluated recurrence rates, and Mann\u2013Whitney tests assessed surgery\u2010free intervals. Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis estimated time to first recurrence, adjusting for age and follow\u2010up duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty\u2010six patients were in the NBC group and 12 in the BC group (average ages 37 and 34, respectively). Patients in the NBC group were 2.6 times more likely to experience recurrence compared to those in the BC group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). The expected number of recurrences for the BC group was 0.4 times that of the NBC group (95% CI: 0.2\u20130.7;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). Furthermore, patients taking birth control were significantly less likely to have a first recurrence (HR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2\u20130.9;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025) and had longer times to first recurrence (Figure\u00a01;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.031).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Birth control appears to protect against iSGS severity, potentially through hormonal mechanisms. Hormonal contraception may serve as a non\u2010surgical alternative for managing iSGS. Future prospective studies may evaluate outcomes in newly diagnosed iSGS patients started on birth control compared to those not using hormonal contraceptives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.70077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T10:58:56Z","timestamp":1756292336000},"page":"832-837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Protective Role of Hormonal Birth Control in Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5574-7388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Awadallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2148-6486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousuf H.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6542-7932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery MetroHealth Medical Center  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6197-8593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hawa M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Science, Division of Biostatistics Mayo Clinic  Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7704-6328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy L.","family":"Rutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Mayo Clinic  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Edell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Koster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semirra L.","family":"Bayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8770-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dale C.","family":"Ekbom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota 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