{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T15:51:13Z","timestamp":1789833073041,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005193","name":"American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50DC01990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50DC01990"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Major advancements have been made in applying artificial intelligence and computer vision to analyze videolaryngoscopy data. These models are limited to post hoc analysis and are aimed at research settings. In this work, we assess the feasibility of a real\u2010time solution for automated vocal fold tracking during in\u2010office laryngoscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We trained a keypoint detection model that tracks 39 individual keypoints of the larynx, optimized for real\u2010time deployment, on 1254 frames extracted from 57 laryngoscopy videos. Images were annotated with keypoints along the true and false vocal folds, and supraglottic structures. After training, the model was evaluated on a validation dataset of 140 test images, and second independent test dataset of 50 images. Performance was assessed by comparing manual keypoint annotations to predicted annotations and computing mean keypoint accuracy (), and by calculating temporal consistency () from a calibration video clip. The live feed of a flexible laryngoscope, mounted to an endoscopic tower, was passed via a video capture card into a laptop running the motion tracking model in real\u2010time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The model demonstrated robust detection accuracy with an  of 85% and 75% with validation and test datasets, and promising temporal consistence  of 5.85 average pixel movement. During testing, the model ran at 30 frames per second, with minimal appreciable latency while processing the laryngoscope's live feed, ensuring the laryngologist's work was not affected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The model accurately tracks laryngeal structures with strong detection, localization, and consistency, is compatible with affordable hardware, and enables real\u2010time metric development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.70104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T15:45:56Z","timestamp":1757000756000},"page":"596-604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Feasibility of Real\u2010Time Automated Vocal Fold Motion Tracking for In\u2010Office Laryngoscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4116-344X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aki","family":"Koivu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Massachusetts Eye &amp; Ear  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0886-1561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Obinna I.","family":"Nwosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Massachusetts Eye &amp; Ear  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuki","family":"Ota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7444-0437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Simonyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Massachusetts Eye &amp; Ear  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3927-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Naunheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Massachusetts Eye &amp; Ear  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2015.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-016-9775-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2012.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-003-0653-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000184325.44968.b1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-015-3663-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28539"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.754"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489420950364"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-20-00498"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_JSLHR-21-00540"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28669"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599821989608"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30473"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227791"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201064987\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Deep\u2010Learning Approach for Vocal Fold Pose Estimation in Videoendoscopy","author":"Villani F. P.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2867636"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894241253376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.351"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2005.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0209-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"6105","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR","author":"Tan M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-189X(87)80186-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00165"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01249-6_34"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102752"}],"container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.70104","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/lary.70104","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.70104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T08:50:52Z","timestamp":1768207852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lary.70104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lary.70104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.70104","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-852X","1531-4995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-852X","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-4995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}