{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T17:17:10Z","timestamp":1772990230577,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oval window atresia (OWA) is a rare otologic condition often associated with a maximal conductive hearing loss, and variable ossicular and facial nerve canal (FNC) anomalies, which have contributed to suboptimal middle ear surgical outcomes. No grading scheme exists to detail the spectrum of associated temporal bone anomalies in OWA; therefore, our objectives were to complete an audiometric and radiographic review to characterize audiometric patterns of hearing loss, and refine the classification system for OWA to determine suitability for middle ear surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective audiometric and radiographic review was conducted at a pediatric tertiary care institution. Patients with OWA identified on temporal bone computerized tomography (CT) scans obtained from 01\/2010 to 06\/2024 were included. Audiological, radiological, and patient factors were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty\u2010one patients (48 ears) with OWA were identified. Across frequencies, the air\u2010bone gap decreased significantly as frequency increased (ANOVA with pairwise comparisons,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) due to a worsening of bone conduction thresholds and improvement in air conduction thresholds. The FNC was abnormal in 43\/48 ears and was determined to overlay the oval window in 6 ears. Additional anomalies included inferiorly displaced, dehiscent, and duplicated canals. Ossicular anomalies were reported in 46\/48 ears, and stapedial anomalies were most common.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate OWA may manifest audiometrically with consistent and specific hearing loss characterized by a 60\u201380\u2009dB ABG at lower frequencies that decreases above 2\u2009kHz. CT findings of OWA show considerable variability. We propose a new classification system for OWA based on facial nerve position as this directly influences middle ear surgical feasibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.70133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T11:16:54Z","timestamp":1757935014000},"page":"1444-1452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinguishing Audiometric and Radiographic Features of Oval Window Atresia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4136-0715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keelin","family":"Fallon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery UMASS Memorial Medical Center  Worcester Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline D.","family":"Robson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0989-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron K.","family":"Remenschneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery UMASS Memorial Medical Center  Worcester Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Massachusetts Eye and Ear  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949310200807"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000277"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7457603"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613241262129","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Unexplained Conductive Hearing Loss With Intact Tympanic Membrane: A Systematic Review","author":"Hao Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mao.0b013e31815dbb28"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-08091-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Maximum Conductive Hearing Loss\u2014Revisited","volume":"35","author":"Collier C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Audiology Today"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"322","article-title":"Congenital Absence of the Oval Window: Radiologic Diagnosis and Associated Anomalies","volume":"21","author":"Zeifer B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJNR. 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