{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T17:41:10Z","timestamp":1775065270618,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common post\u2010COVID\u201019 condition; however its prognosis remains unclear. This study aims to describe patient characteristics across different types of post\u2010COVID\u201019 OD (C19OD), identify factors influencing the persistence of parosmia, and investigate the impact of parosmia on quantitative olfactory function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this longitudinal cohort study, 190 patients with C19OD were recruited from an otorhinolaryngology department in Denmark. Patients had a baseline visit and four follow\u2010up visits at six\u2010month intervals. Quantitative OD was measured using the \u201cSniffin' Sticks\u201d threshold, discrimination and identification test (TDI). Parosmia was assessed from medical history. Subjective assessments of olfactory and gustatory function, and quality of life (QoL) were evaluated on numerical rating scales.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The median time since infection was 20\u2009months (IQR: 16\u201324). Patients had a median TDI score of 27.50 (IQR: 21.50\u201331.31) at the first visit and 28.63 (IQR: 22.75\u201331.50) at the final visit. Parosmia was present in 73.7%. Patients with parosmia had significantly higher TDI scores (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). Patients with quantitative OD rated their QoL worse than those with parosmia alone (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008). No significant differences in baseline characteristics were observed between patients with persistent parosmia and those recovered. Patients with persistent parosmia improved TDI scores by 2.25 points at the last visit, whereas patients who recovered from parosmia showed no change.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most patients experienced parosmia, which was associated with better quantitative olfactory function. Patients with quantitative OD reported the lowest QoL. No baseline characteristics predicted the persistence of parosmia. Patients with persistent parosmia showed a tendency for improvements in TDI scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.70235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T18:37:16Z","timestamp":1761763036000},"page":"918-926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quantitative Olfactory Dysfunction and Parosmia After\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019: An Observational Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6521-2555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ditte Gertz","family":"Mogensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery &amp; Audiology Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rikke Kart","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vibeke","family":"Backer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery &amp; Audiology Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Jarden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer and Organ Diseases Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janne","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) \u201cA Timeline of WHO's COVID\u201019 Response in the WHO European Region \u201d(2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"ECDC \u201cFactsheet for Health Professionals on COVID\u201019 \u201daccessed March 28 2025 https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/infectious\u2010disease\u2010topics\/z\u2010disease\u2010list\/covid\u201019\/factsheet\u2010covid\u201019."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20\u20102428"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30453"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000515132"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13564"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000525861"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29982"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23054"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","article-title":"Recovery 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