{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:35:33Z","timestamp":1778690133812,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Otolaryngology trainees often have limited opportunities to practice microlaryngeal surgeries, so there is a need for high\u2010quality simulation activities to aid in developing these skills. To address this gap, we created a low\u2010cost, reusable, 3D\u2010printed microlaryngeal simulator that can be used with various animal\/human larynges to practice microlaryngeal surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The simulator was developed through computer\u2010aided design, iterative prototyping with 3D\u2010printing, and repeated use in educational activities to guide improvements. Upon completion, a study was performed to evaluate educational value. Porcine larynges were used as a tissue model and study participants included medical students, otolaryngology residents, and laryngologists at the University of Colorado. Participants were instructed to raise a submucosal microflap on the vocal fold. Their simulated operations were video recorded and evaluated by a blinded reviewer to assess construct validity. Participants completed a Modified Michigan Standard Simulation Experience Scale Laryngeal Simulator Questionnaire and answered questions about their confidence performing the procedure to assess face and content validity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The average participant ratings for self\u2010efficacy, fidelity, educational value, and teaching quality of the simulation experience were above 4\/5 for the trainees The average confidence rating for performing microflap surgery increased from 1.8\/5 before the simulation to 3.0\/5 postsimulation. Experts performed statistically significantly better than novices as determined by blinded review of the procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This novel, low\u2010cost, 3D\u2010printed surgery trainer allows for the successful practice of microlaryngeal surgery. User\u2010reported ratings and a blinded review suggest the simulator achieves content, face, and construct validity when used in simulated surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>N\/A.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.70250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T17:18:12Z","timestamp":1762276692000},"page":"1872-1878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Novel Low\u2010Cost Open\u2010Access\n                    <scp>3D<\/scp>\n                    Printed Microlaryngeal Surgery Trainer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7025-3068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ethan T.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Ambrose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Denver Health Medical Center  Denver Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taylor G.","family":"Lackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5162-2537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8290-8861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott E.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Denver Health Medical Center  Denver Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25143"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489419876290"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23763"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23240"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28952"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2021.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25940"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940711600101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12360"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.22441"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215100136424"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2019.00556"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26905"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25817"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1041\u2010892x(08)70100\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815590118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215116008756"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24576"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599816668324"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537\u2010200406000\u201000032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2011.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25561"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"S. 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