{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:01:56Z","timestamp":1791295316290,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urbanization\u2010related air pollution may be associated with olfactory dysfunction (OD) in China, yet population studies are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional study of 1500 participants in urbanizing Yancheng, China (2023\u20132025). Olfactory function was assessed via Sniffin' Sticks. Machine learning (XGBoost, k\u2010means clustering) was used to analyze risk factors and phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Head trauma (OR\u2009=\u2009163.04) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS, OR\u2009=\u2009161.39) were the dominant risk factors for OD (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Rural residence was associated with a 99% lower OD risk compared to urban residence (OR\u2009=\u20090.011,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Four OD subtypes emerged: (1) sinusitis\u2010linked generalized impairment; (2) age\u2010related threshold deficit; (3) neurological disorder\u2010associated identification loss; (4) child\u2010specific mild dysfunction. Olfactory ability peaked at the age of 23\u2009years, remained stable among individuals aged 40\u201360\u2009years, and declined sharply in those aged over 63\u2009years. Anosmia quadrupled from childhood to elderly (7.1%\u2009\u2192\u200928.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In urbanizing China, head trauma and sinusitis are the most potent risk factors for olfactory dysfunction (OD). Additionally, long\u2010term exposure to air pollution\u2014proxied by urban residence\u2014and the natural aging process are significant contributing factors. Phenotypic stratification enables targeted interventions, thereby urging reforms in environmental policies and enhanced clinical management of high\u2010risk conditions (e.g., head trauma, sinusitis).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.70351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T04:06:02Z","timestamp":1770091562000},"page":"1887-1895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>ML<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Assisted Olfactory Epidemiology Survey Urbanizing China: A Population\u2010Based Study in Yancheng"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7506-7646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunpeng","family":"Zang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology The Affiliated Hospital Xuzhou Medical University  Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Binhai County People's Hospital  Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Xuzhou First People's Hospital  Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology The Affiliated Hospital Xuzhou Medical University  Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Nantong University  Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo\u2010Feng","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Dingling Clinical Institute of Wenzhou, Medical University (Wenzhou Central Hospital) Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangming","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology The Affiliated Hospital Xuzhou Medical University  Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus TU Dresden  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology The Affiliated Hospital Xuzhou Medical University  Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23635"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13070615"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"737","article-title":"The Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction in the General Population: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Desiato V. M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Report on the State of the Ecology and Environment in China 2021 (Excerpt) [In Chinese]","volume":"50","author":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China","year":"2022","journal-title":"Huan Jing Bao Hu"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"China Statistical Yearbook 2020 [In Chinese]","volume":"1","author":"National Bureau of Statistics of China","year":"2021","journal-title":"Statistical Theory and Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/22.1.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0304-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx118"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63855-7.00001-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn3028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96334-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069203"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjab042"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.05.232"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-025-09557-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-018-5248-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24976\/Discov.Med.202537197.91"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/lary.70981","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000}}],"container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.70351","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/lary.70351","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.70351","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T06:02:36Z","timestamp":1773727356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lary.70351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lary.70351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.70351","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-852X","1531-4995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-852X","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-4995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}