{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:06:19Z","timestamp":1789185979527,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL161635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL161635"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop a subject\u2010specific, three\u2010dimensional finite element (FE) model of the human upper airway and evaluate how ansa cervicalis stimulation (ACS), a novel neurostimulation for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), alters upper airway anatomy under physiologic loading.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Upper airway anatomy was reconstructed from a head\u2010and\u2010neck CT of an adult female using a semi\u2010automated pipeline, including segmentation, smoothing, tetrahedral meshing, and registration. Linear elastic material properties were assigned from the literature. ACS was simulated as a caudal load on the anterior thyroid cartilage, and inspiratory collapse tendency was mimicked with a \u221270\u2009Pa luminal negative pressure. Structural displacement and cross\u2010sectional area (CSA) changes were quantified at the soft palate, lateral pharyngeal wall, tongue base, and epiglottis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ACS produced caudal displacement of the thyroid cartilage by approximately 10\u2009mm with coordinated motion of the hyolaryngeal complex and longitudinal pharyngeal wall strain. It also tilted the epiglottis antero\u2013inferiorly and increased its curvature, reducing posterior\u2013inferior motion under negative pressure by more than 50% (5.0 to 2.2\u2009mm). Retro\u2010epiglottic CSA increased by 68.8% without negative pressure (42.43 to 71.63\u2009mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and by 2980.3% with negative pressure (0.79 to 24.19\u2009mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Retropalatal CSA improved by 34.4% without negative pressure (65.04 to 87.42\u2009mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and by 20.3% with negative pressure (16.98 to 20.43\u2009mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This proof\u2010of\u2010concept, subject\u2010specific FE model shows that ACS imparts caudal traction through the hyolaryngeal complex, producing multilevel anatomic stabilization under physiologic loading. The findings establish a quantitative, hypothesis\u2010generating framework for interrogating ACS\u2010mediated airway stabilization mechanisms and support further investigation across broader OSA populations and collapse phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>N\/A<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.70603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:27:15Z","timestamp":1778128035000},"page":"4575-4584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Finite Element Analysis of Upper Airway in Ansa Cervicalis Stimulation for Obstructive Sleep 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