{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:08:47Z","timestamp":1789186127545,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease of prematurity that often requires prolonged respiratory support, including intubation and tracheostomy. While these interventions are essential for stability, their impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes remains unclear. This study evaluates whether tracheostomy is independently associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in patients with severe BPD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included infants who met the 2001 NIH criteria for severe BPD, with or without tracheostomy, treated at a quaternary\u2010care children's hospital from 2011 to 2023. Demographics, clinical factors, intubation duration, and Bayley neurodevelopmental scores (12\u201324\u2009months corrected age) were collected. Tracheostomy\u2010dependent patients were case\u2010matched 1:2 to non\u2010tracheostomy\u2010dependent BPD patients by gestational age and sex. Associations with Bayley scores were analyzed using univariate and multivariate linear regression with cluster\u2010robust standard errors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty\u2010five tracheostomy\u2010dependent BPD patients were matched to 50 non\u2010tracheostomy\u2010dependent BPD patients. Tracheostomy\u2010dependent patients had significantly longer intubation durations (114 vs. 66\u2009days,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0047). In adjusted models accounting for tracheostomy status and relevant neurologic comorbidities, patients intubated longer than 50\u2009days had significantly lower Bayley cognitive (\u22128.49 points,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047) and motor scores (\u221211.03 points,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012), suggesting a notable developmental difference. Tracheostomy status was not independently associated with cognitive (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.697) or motor (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.715) outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that prolonged intubation is associated with worse neurocognitive and motor outcomes in infants with BPD, whereas tracheostomy placement was not an independent predictor of neurodevelopmental delays. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether early tracheostomy, aimed at reducing total days intubated, may improve long\u2010term outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.70654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:51:31Z","timestamp":1780570291000},"page":"4525-4533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reframing Risk: Intubation Time Outweighs Tracheostomy in Predicting Neurodevelopment in Severe\n                    <scp>BPD<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4403-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4548-828X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Szymczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Lagoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann &amp; Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raye\u2010Ann","family":"de Regnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann &amp; Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inbal","family":"Hazkani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Ann &amp; Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.08401"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000242497"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2011060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm6010004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-93466-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.110449"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2024.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01144-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0540-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01165-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25455"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24087"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-023-01864-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22572"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02324-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1485544"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.110268"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/leader.FTR2.08052003.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2025.112414"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.07.001"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"S140","article-title":"Analgesics and Sedatives in Critically Ill Newborns and Infants: The Impact on Long\u2010Term Neurodevelopment","volume":"58","author":"Schiller R. M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.15998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.05.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.18399"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-023-01692-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-04036-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2023.104144"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.01.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-062511"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2025-328891"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2023.2248335"}],"container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.70654","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/lary.70654","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.70654","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T03:24:54Z","timestamp":1789183494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lary.70654"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lary.70654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.70654","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-852X","1531-4995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-852X","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-4995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}