{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T04:30:09Z","timestamp":1786336209660,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the historical evolution of cocaine\u2010induced midline destructive lesions (CIMDL), from cocaine's medical introduction to contemporary diagnostic classification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed\/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched from inception to April 2026, supplemented by hand\u2010searching of reference lists. Source material comprised published historical and clinical accounts of cocaine's introduction as a local anesthetic, its dissemination and regulation, and later otolaryngology and multidisciplinary reports characterizing cocaine\u2010associated sinonasal injury, destructive midline syndromes, and ANCA\u2010associated disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Review Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A non\u2010systematic narrative review was organized chronologically around major historical and clinical milestones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following Koller's 1884 introduction of topical cocaine anesthesia, increasing exposure led to recognition of destructive sinonasal complications and progressive refinement of CIMDL as a distinct diagnostic entity. Late\u201020th\u2010century otolaryngology literature established CIMDL as a distinct clinicopathological entity that frequently mimics granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and other midline destructive disorders. Contemporary literature recognizes overlap between CIMDL and levamisole\u2010associated vasculitis, with human neutrophil elastase\u2010directed ANCA aiding serological discrimination and extent\u2010based grading standardizing anatomical severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The diagnostic complexity of CIMDL reflects three converging historical forces: the rapid adoption of cocaine without adequate safety surveillance infrastructure; five decades of unresolved nosological debate surrounding midline destructive disease; and the emergence of levamisole as a ubiquitous adulterant, which has confounded the serological tools developed to differentiate these conditions. Extent\u2010based staging provides a serologically agnostic framework despite the reduced specificity of ANCA testing. Diagnosis should integrate a non\u2010judgmental exposure history with histological, radiological and toxicological findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.70823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T04:09:47Z","timestamp":1786334987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cocaine\u2010Induced Midline Destructive Lesions: A Historical Review of Diagnostic Mimicry"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4383-3040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Onderkov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology &amp; Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 Vinohrady  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene M.","family":"Speth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery TUM Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesham A.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Charing Cross Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.18601530202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540\u20108167.2007.00856.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31825051f3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378\u20108741(81)90051\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.42804"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1893.02420740014001c"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157831"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino13.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004050050096"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000140625"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537\u2010199606000\u201000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2011.961"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40674\u2010024\u201000215\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097\u20100142(196904)23:4<920::aid\u2010cncr2820230430>3.0.co;2\u2010m"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100039359"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"90","article-title":"Midfacial necrotizing lesions","volume":"4","author":"Batsakis J. G.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"561","article-title":"Midline Malignant Reticulosis and Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis. A Case Report","volume":"103","author":"Crissman J. D.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988910000621"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215100050751"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.11.2.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002\u20109610(66)90328\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/77.2.162"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"331","article-title":"Midline Destructive Lesions of the Sinonasal Tract: Simplified Terminology Based onHistopathologic Criteria","volume":"21","author":"Borges A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537\u2010198602000\u201000016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537\u2010198909000\u201000005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1989.01860260109024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989110500510"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.02.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23907\/2017.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2012.665455"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1054499"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2505"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2017.1361558"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000\u2010015\u20100279\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03440411"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e31821cb9d5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20479"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405\u2010022\u201007290\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2004.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00141"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105\u2010016\u20100690\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.345130068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","unstructured":"World Drug Report 2025: Key Findings \u201cUnited Nations: Office on Drugs and Crime \u201d(2025)."}],"container-title":["The Laryngoscope"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.70823","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/lary.70823","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lary.70823","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T04:09:50Z","timestamp":1786334990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lary.70823"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lary.70823"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.70823","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-852X","1531-4995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-852X","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-4995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"lary.70823"}}