{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:14:50Z","timestamp":1787166890740,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]],"date-time":"2018-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009123","name":"Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009123","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Laryngoscope Investig Oto"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the biomechanical properties of the soft palate and velopharynx in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and nasal obstruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective experimental study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two finite element (FE) models of the soft palate were created in six patients undergoing nasal surgery, one homogeneous model based on CT images, and one layered model based on soft tissue composition. The influence of anatomy on displacement caused by a gravitational load and closing pressure were evaluated in both models. The strains in the transverse and longitudinal direction were obtained for each patient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The individual anatomy influences both its structural stiffness and its gravitational displacement. The soft palate width was the sole anatomical parameter correlated to the critical closing pressure, but the maximal displacement due to gravity may have a relationship to closing pressure of possibly an exponential order. The airway occlusion occurred mainly at the lateral attachments of the soft palate. The total transverse strain showed a strong correlation with maximal closing pressure. There was no relationship between the critical closing pressure and the preoperative AHI levels, or the change in AHI after surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hyperelastic FE models both in the homogeneous and layered model represent a novel method of evaluating soft tissue biomechanics of the upper airway. The obstruction occurs mainly at the level of the lateral attachments to the pharyngeal wall, and the width of the soft palate is an indicator of the degree of critical closing pressure. A less negative closing pressure corresponds to small total transverse strain. The effect of nasal surgery on OSA is most likely not explained by change in soft palate biomechanics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]],"date-time":"2018-02-21T15:46:03Z","timestamp":1519227963000},"page":"82-93","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Simulation of the upper airways in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and nasal obstruction: A novel finite element method"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6809-3897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mads","family":"Henrik Strand Moxness","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Aleris Hospital Trondheim Norway"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"W\u00fclker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway"},{"name":"Department of Research and Development Duravit AG Hornberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rn","family":"Helge Skallerud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e5le","family":"Nordg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery St. Olav's University Hospital Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00539.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2008.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3950\/jibiinkoka.116.789"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2013.04.005","article-title":"Radiofrequency of the soft palate for sleep\u2010disordered breathing: a 6\u2010year follow\u2010up study","volume":"131","author":"Kermadec H","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24580"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2858-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"The Mathematical Theory of Finite Element Methods","author":"Brenner Scott L.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3702.303","article-title":"A quantitative histologic study of the normal human adult soft palate","volume":"37","author":"Ettema SL","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1990_027_0026_hsotnh_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/04-125R.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24067"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1597\/08-012.1","article-title":"Biomechanical properties of the human soft palate","volume":"46","author":"Birch MJ","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"581975","article-title":"Numerical analysis of the relationship between nasal structure and its function","volume":"2014","author":"Yu S","year":"2014","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.0325"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"Holzapfel GA. 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