{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:30:37Z","timestamp":1789835437162,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]],"date-time":"2018-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"Hj\u00e4rt-Lungfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20110210, 20140339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20110210, 20140339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004885","name":"Ume\u00e5 Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Laryngoscope Investig Oto"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuromuscular injuries are suggested to contribute to upper airway collapse and swallowing dysfunction in patients with sleep apnea. Neurotrophins, a family of proteins involved in survival, development, and function of neurons, are reported to be upregulated in limb muscle fibers in response to overload and nerve damage. We aimed to investigate the expression of two important neurotrophins, brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), in muscle fibers of uvula from snorers and sleep apnea patients and to compare these findings with pharyngeal function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Uvula muscle biopsies from 22 patients and 10 controls were analyzed for BDNF, NGF, and cytoskeletal protein desmin using immunohistochemistry. Pharyngeal swallowing function was assessed using videoradiography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>BDNF, but not NGF, was significantly upregulated in a subpopulation of muscle fibers in snoring and sleep apnea patients. Two major immunoreaction patterns for BDNF were observed; a fine grainy point like BDNF staining was displayed in muscle fibers of both patients and controls (41 \u00b1 23 vs. 25 \u00b1 17%, respectively, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .06), while an abnormal upregulated intense\u2010dotted or disorganized reaction was mainly observed in patients (8 \u00b1 8 vs. 2 \u00b1 2%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .02). The latter fibers, which often displayed an abnormal immunoreaction for desmin, were more frequent in patients with than without swallowing dysfunction (10 \u00b1 8 vs. 3 \u00b1 3%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>BDNF is upregulated in the upper airway muscles of snorers and sleep apnea patients, and especially in patients with swallowing dysfunction. Upregulation of BDNF is suggested to be a response to denervation, reinnervation, and repair of injured muscle fibers. Our findings propose that damaged upper airway muscles might heal following treatment for snoring and sleep apnea.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]],"date-time":"2018-11-28T19:08:56Z","timestamp":1543432136000},"page":"174-180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Neurotrophic factor BDNF is upregulated in soft palate muscles of snorers and sleep apnea patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Farhan","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Medical Biology Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sture","family":"Forsgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Medical Biology Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorbj\u00f6rn","family":"Holmlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Muscle Biology, the Department of Clinical Sciences, Otolaryngology Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Levring J\u00e4ghagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Oral, and Maxillofacial Radiology Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Berggren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Muscle Biology, the Department of Clinical Sciences, Otolaryngology Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl A.","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9340-5298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per","family":"St\u00e5l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Medical Biology Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.783290"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2010.200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2015.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/16.suppl_8.S124"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/19.6.465"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.2.2105010c"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200308-1100OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26964","article-title":"Upper airway myopathy is important in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"3","author":"Kimoff RJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.2.96-06049"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(01)00676-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000197975"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000336040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000164800750000702"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00439.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"30963","article-title":"Axon and Schwann cell degeneration in nerves of upper airway relates to pharyngeal dysfunction in snorers and patients with sleep apnea","volume":"30","author":"Shah F","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)10058-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490420104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004311-200604420-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20444"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/201696"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00000921"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2014.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2172"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.20881"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2010.00250.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.06.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)03002-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"839","article-title":"Unexpected presence of the neurotrophins NGF and BDNF and the neurotrophin receptor p75 in the tendon cells of the human Achilles tendon","volume":"24","author":"Bagge J","year":"2009","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","first-page":"1239","article-title":"In situ hybridization studies favouring the occurrence of a local production of BDNF in the human Achilles tendon","volume":"27","author":"Bagge J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12417"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-001-0349-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10511"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Bdnf expression in rat skeletal muscle after acute or repeated exercise","volume":"145","author":"Cuppini R","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Ital Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1364-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21503"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90326-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4228"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2004.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(04)74349-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-012-1057-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201212142"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612988114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155415569348"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.1.278"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(97)01016-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.5.685"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21371"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00095"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2000.01312.x"}],"container-title":["Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flio2.225","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lio2.225","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T04:27:04Z","timestamp":1694665624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lio2.225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lio2.225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lio2.225","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2378-8038","2378-8038"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2378-8038","type":"print"},{"value":"2378-8038","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-06-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}