{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T08:18:39Z","timestamp":1767860319519,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Laryngoscope Investig Oto"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyze management, outcomes, and complications of pediatric midface fractures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cohort study at an urban, single\u2010institution, multispecialty surgical teams, at two level 1 pediatric trauma centers. Query included subjects aged 0\u201317 diagnosed with midface fractures between 2012 and 2016.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 218 pediatric patients presented with 410 total midface fractures. The most common etiologies included motor vehicle collisions (MVC) (n = 56, 25.7%), sport\u2010related (n = 35, 16.1%), and assault\/battery (n = 32, 14.7%). Fracture site distribution included: 125 maxillary (34 with exclusively the nasal\/frontal process), 109 nasal, 47 ethmoid, 40 sphenoid, 33 zygoma, 29 frontal sinus, 21 lacrimal, and 6 palatal. Among these, there were 105 orbital, 17 naso\u2010orbito\u2010ethmoid, and 12 Le Fort fractures. One\u2010quarter of patients received at least one midface\u2010related operation during the initial encounter. Operative intervention rates for specific midface fracture subsites were not significantly different (<jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 6.827, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .234). One hundred thirty\u2010five patients (63.4%) attended follow\u2010up, thus known complication rate was 14.6% (n = 31). Complication rates between midface fracture subsites were not significantly different (<jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 5.629, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .229). Complications included facial deformity (n = 18), nasal airway obstruction (n = 8), diplopia (n = 4), hardware\u2010related pain (n = 3), and paresthesias (n = 3).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most common sites of pediatric midface fractures involved the maxilla, and nasal bones. Three quarters of pediatric midface fractures were treated conservatively, with low rates of complications. Facial deformity was the most common complication; as such, proper management and follow\u2010up are important to ensure normal growth and development of the pediatric facial skeleton.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>4<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T11:52:52Z","timestamp":1573041172000},"page":"597-601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Pediatric Midface Fractures: Outcomes and Complications of 218 Patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6327-4717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine  Indianapolis Indiana U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent J.","family":"Campiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine  Indianapolis Indiana U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyrus C.","family":"Rabbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine  Indianapolis Indiana U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon Y.","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine  Indianapolis Indiana U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine  Indianapolis Indiana U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taha Z.","family":"Shipchandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine  Indianapolis Indiana U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1174"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31814fb5e3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202592"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000001818"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000004036"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1389557"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2000.107974"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199210000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(10)80409-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(01)00201-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2003.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-4356(04)00128-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2019.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31821c6ab7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"The nasal septum and the development of the midface. 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