{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:41:02Z","timestamp":1776091262347,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21\u2010A1; R21DC016456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21\u2010A1; R21DC016456"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Laryngoscope Investig Oto"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phantom sound perception (tinnitus) may arise from altered brain activity within auditory cortex. Auditory cortex neurons in tinnitus animal models show increased spontaneous firing rates. This may be a core characteristic of tinnitus. Functional near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has shown similar findings in human auditory cortex. Current fNIRS approaches with cap recordings are limited to \u223c3\u2009cm depth of signal penetration due to the skull thickness. To address this limitation, we present an innovative fNIRS approach via probes adapted to the external auditory canal. The adapted probes were placed deeper and closer to temporal lobe of the brain to bypass confining skull bone and improve neural recordings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty adults with tinnitus and 20 nontinnitus controls listened to periods of silence and broadband noise (BBN) during standard cap and adapted ear canal fNIRS neuroimaging. The evaluators were not blinded, but the protocol and postprocessing for the two groups were identical.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Standard fNIRS measurements in participants with tinnitus revealed increased auditory cortex activity during silence that was suppressed during auditory stimulation with BBN. Conversely, controls displayed increased activation with noise but not during silence. Importantly, adapted ear canal fNIRs probes showed similar hemodynamic responses seen with cap probes in both tinnitus and controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this <jats:italic>proof of concept study<\/jats:italic>, we have successfully fabricated, adapted, and utilized a novel fNIRS technology that replicates established findings from traditional cap fNIRS probes. This exciting new innovation, validated by replicating previous and current cap findings in auditory cortex, may have applications to future studies to investigate brain changes not only in tinnitus but in other pathologic states that may involve the temporal lobe and surrounding brain regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>NA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T20:24:45Z","timestamp":1608236685000},"page":"137-144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Tinnitus and auditory cortex; Using adapted functional <scp>near\u2010infrared\u2010spectroscopy<\/scp> to expand brain imaging in humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Tianqu","family":"Zhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electric Engineering The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Ash\u2010Rafzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Growth and Development The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaosu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Growth and Development The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Growth and Development The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan D.","family":"San Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Growth and Development The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Filipiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electric Engineering The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiwen","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electric Engineering The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed N.","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electric Engineering The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioulia","family":"Kovelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Growth and Development The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5574-7385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Basura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Growth and Development The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute The University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(03)00225-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00319.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179150"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.08.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7453149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/894203"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70160-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00871"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The ten\u2010twenty electrode system of the International Federation. 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