{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T18:55:37Z","timestamp":1775674537650,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]],"date-time":"2020-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Laryngoscope Investig Oto"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anosmia is common among COVID\u201019 patients and anosmia assessment is proposed to be useful in the early diagnosis and prognosis of patients. Data on the pathogenesis of anosmia during COVID\u201019 suggest potential olfactory nerve involvement. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that regulates the immune responses, and zinc deficiency is known to induce anosmia and ageusia. We previously proposed that a drop in nasal zinc level is a normal nasal immune response to acute viral infections, including SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection, and play a role in the pathogenesis of anosmia. The drop in the local zinc level in response to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 may lead to lower type 1 interferons and shift toward Th2 immune responses; if prolonged, it may lead to increased viral replication and more severe disease. In people who are at risk for baseline systemic zinc deficiency, such as the elderly and those with chronic diseases such as, chronic lung disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection\u2010induced drop in nasal zinc level may be more severe and prolonged and lead to an insufficient anti\u2010viral nasal immune response and control the spread of the virus systemically and to the lungs. A better understanding of the clinical implications of baseline systemic zinc deficiency on anosmia and nasal immune responses may allow the development of new treatment strategies to slow down or stop the systemic invasion of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]],"date-time":"2020-12-25T10:14:56Z","timestamp":1608891296000},"page":"21-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Intra\u2010nasal zinc level relationship to <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 anosmia and type 1 interferon response: A proposal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8707-9019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozlem","family":"Equils","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MiOra, Public Health Education Foundation  California Los Angeles USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaudi","family":"Lekaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiOra, Public Health Education Foundation  California Los Angeles USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center Division of Otolaryngology  California Los Angeles USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8173-8570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar","family":"Fattani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiOra, Public Health Education Foundation  California Los Angeles USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gene","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center Division of Otolaryngology  California Los Angeles USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lothar","family":"Rink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology RWTH Aachen University Hospital  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-020-00961-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01712"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Proposed mechanism for anosmia during COVID\u201019: the role of local zinc distribution","volume":"7","author":"Equils O","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Trans Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315916"},{"issue":"6500","key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Can interferons stop COVID\u201019 before it takes hold?","volume":"369","author":"Wadman M","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Mag"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa350"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121286"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520120111"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.108240"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187153009788452390"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_3_12_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Zinc and respiratory tract infections: perspectives for COVID 19","volume":"46","author":"Skalny AV","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202002-149PS"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02806-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klemens C. 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