{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:56:14Z","timestamp":1785761774572,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 DC000027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 DC000027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Laryngoscope Investig Oto"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surgical management of otosclerosis is technically challenging with studies demonstrating that outcomes are commensurate with surgical experience. Moreover, experts apply less force on the ossicular chain during prosthesis placement than their novice counterparts. Given the predicted decreasing patient pool and the rising cost of human temporal bone specimens it has become more challenging for trainees to receive adequate intraoperative or laboratory\u2010based experience in this procedure. As such, there is a need for a low\u2010cost training model for the procedure. Here we describe such a model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A surgical model of the middle ear was designed using computer aided design (CAD) software. The model consists of four components, the superior three dimensional (3D)\u2010printed component representing the external auditory canal, a 90\u00b0 torsion spring representing the incus, a 3D\u2010printed base with a stapedotomy underlying the torsion spring, and a 3D\u2010printed phone holder to facilitate video\u2010recording of trials and subsequent calculation of the force applied on the modeled incus. Force applied on the incus is calculated based on Hooke's Law from post\u2010trial computer\u2010vision analysis of recorded video following experimental determination of the spring constant of the modeled incus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The described model was manufactured with a total cost of $56.50. The spring constant was experimentally determined to be 97.0\u00a0mN\u2009mm\/deg, resulting in an ability to detect force applied to the modeled incus across a range of 1.2 to 5200\u2009mN.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have created a low\u2010cost middle\u2010ear training model with measurable objective performance outcomes. The range of detectable force exceeds expected values for the task.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Level of Evidence: IV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T14:41:33Z","timestamp":1630507293000},"page":"1133-1136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Three dimensional printing of a low\u2010cost middle\u2010ear training model for surgical management of otosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1616-0135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Razavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepa","family":"Galaiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seena","family":"Vafaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell H.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3131-1162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis X.","family":"Creighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"A 15\u2010year report on fenestration of the oval window","volume":"75","author":"Shea JJ","year":"1971","journal-title":"Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol 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