{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T01:05:34Z","timestamp":1789347934106,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Laryngoscope Investig Oto"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We sought to understand oral health problems among refugee children resettled in developed nations and determine best practices for addressing them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review was performed and reported in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses guidelines. A comprehensive search was performed using the PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus databases from 1980 through 2024 using Medical Subject Heading terms: \u201cchildren,\u201d \u201crefugee,\u201d and \u201coral health,\u201d and a separate search in which \u201coral health\u201d was replaced with \u201cdental caries.\u201d Interventional, qualitative, and epidemiological studies about children resettled in developed nations were included. Critical study appraisal was done using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) tool developed at Oxford University. Final data were synthesized in tables and graphs, depicting the study designs, locations, dates of data collection, sample sizes, sample characteristics, and major findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 30 studies, 25 analyzed oral health in refugee children directly, and six were qualitative studies interviewing parents\/caregivers and key informants. Twelve cross\u2010sectional studies included clinical exams, identifying as many as 78% of refugee children with dental caries. Eight studies comparing refugee children to age\u2010and sex\u2010matched children in respective developed countries showed refugee status conferred significantly worse oral health. Two interventional studies demonstrated that parental education improved knowledge but did not improve children's oral health, whereas oral screenings at dedicated refugee health clinics facilitated children receiving referrals and completing treatment. Review data was limited by the lack of standardized or comprehensive measures of oral health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The refugee pediatric population is at higher risk of oral disease than nonrefugee immigrant and native\u2010born patient populations. Developed nations should address this disparity with community and healthcare partnerships and research, particularly prospective and interventional studies. Otolaryngologists care for the clinical consequences of poor oral health and hygiene and therefore share responsibility in facilitating preventive efforts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.70194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T11:54:14Z","timestamp":1753358054000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Oral Health Disparity Among Refugee Children: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nazineen","family":"Kandahari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6676-3384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fareha","family":"Moulana Zada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of California, san Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2357-7294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zainab","family":"Farzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Global Trends","author":"UNHCR","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Refugee Data Finder\u2014Key Indicators","author":"UNHCR","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"UNICEF DATA \u201cChild Displacement and Refugees.\u201d(UNICEF 2025) https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/child\u2010migration\u2010and\u2010displacement\/displacement\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Oral Health.\u201d accessed July 31 2022 https:\/\/www.who.int\/health\u2010topics\/oral\u2010health."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Health of Refugee and Migrant Children: Technical Guidance","author":"World Health Organization. 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