{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:40:30Z","timestamp":1787841630207,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Laryngoscope Investig Oto"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with chronic low\u2010grade systemic inflammation. In cases of continuous positive airway pressure (PAP) failure, hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) is a treatment option for OSA but its impact on systemic inflammation to date is unknown. Herein, we investigated changes in cytokines and endothelial markers before and after HNS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen adults with moderate or severe OSA underwent fasting blood sample collection before and 6\u20138\u2009months after HNS implantation. Plasma levels of interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106), tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin\u20102 (Ang2), C\u2010reactive protein (CRP), and E\u2010selectin were measured using ELISA. Clinical metrics, including apnea\u2010hypopnea index (AHI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HNS significantly reduced AHI (from 25.9\u2009\u00b1\u200913.4 to 14.2\u2009\u00b1\u200910.5) and ESS scores (from 12.6\u2009\u00b1\u20095.0 to 7.1\u2009\u00b1\u20094.0). There were significant decreases in VEGF (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.033) and TNF\u2010\u03b1 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0013) with HNS. CRP levels were elevated among OSA patients when compared with healthy donors and did not change after HNS. IL\u20106 levels did not change with HNS, but were low in both healthy and OSA patients. No significant overall changes were observed in Ang2 or E\u2010selectin. Obese participants exhibited higher baseline inflammatory profiles compared with non\u2010obese participants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this small cohort, HNS improved OSA severity and was associated with decreases in VEGF and TNF\u2010\u03b1 while other inflammatory markers were unchanged. Larger, long\u2010term studies are needed to understand the potential of HNS to confer cardiometabolic benefits through reduction of systemic inflammation in OSA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.70472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T07:25:11Z","timestamp":1786778711000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamics in Pro\u2010Inflammatory Cytokines in Response to Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4056-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph","family":"Pries","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of Luebeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirstin","family":"Pl\u00f6tze\u2010Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of Luebeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Jelic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Fleckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of Luebeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl\u2010Ludwig","family":"Bruchhage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of Luebeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1044-492X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin","family":"Steffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of Luebeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23079"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6506"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020277"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1308659"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-06902-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7399"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.4.537"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5493\/wjem.v5.i2.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae271"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202409-981ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255306"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147983"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz145"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx157"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hft117"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-10-13"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","first-page":"495","article-title":"Impact 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