{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:30:40Z","timestamp":1789835440004,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Dnr 2018\u201002574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dnr 2018\u201002574"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Laryngoscope Investig Oto"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous reports of muscle changes in the upper airways of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients have primarily been attributed to acquired nerve lesions due to snoring vibrations. The aim of this study was to investigate whether alterations reflecting muscle fiber injuries also occur in the upper respiratory tract of snoring and OSA patients and if these changes relate to upper airway dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Muscle changes in biopsies from the soft palate of 20 patients suffering from snoring and OSA were investigated with enzyme, immunohistochemical, and morphometric techniques. Biopsies from eight healthy non\u2010snoring subjects were used as controls. Swallowing dysfunction was assessed with videoradiography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fourteen patients had various degrees of swallowing dysfunction. The muscle samples from all the patients showed changes typical for both motor\u2010nerve lesions and muscle fiber injuries. The most common alterations reflecting myopathy were fibers having aggregates and disorganization of cytoskeletal proteins (15.5\u2009\u00b1\u200910.7%). Other changes were fibers with vacuole\u2010like structures (5.0\u2009\u00b1\u20094.4%), centrally positioned myonuclei (7.9\u2009\u00b1\u20094.8%), subsarcolemmal accumulations of nuclei, and various forms and sizes of ring fibers, that is, fibers where the myofilaments were disorganized peripherally (2.8\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show that muscle changes mirroring both myopathy and neuropathy co\u2010exist in the upper airway of snoring OSA patients. These findings suggest muscle weakness as a contributing factor to the upper airway dysfunction in OSA patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T12:21:41Z","timestamp":1647606101000},"page":"636-645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Myopathy of the upper airway in snoring and obstructive sleep apnea"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Farhan","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Muscle Biology, Department of Integrative Medical Biology Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9340-5298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per","family":"St\u00e5l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Muscle Biology, Department of Integrative 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