{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:12:50Z","timestamp":1790845970952,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":5,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Laryngoscope Investig Oto"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study is to assess the anatomical appropriateness of a three\u2010dimensional (3D) printed pediatric middle ear model with a replaceable middle ear unit as an endoscopic ear surgery (EES) simulator.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Single\u2010blinded, prospective, proof\u2010of\u2010concept study conducted in a simulation operative suite. A simulator was developed through segmentation of source images and multi\u2010material 3D printing. Subjects were asked to point to seven anatomical sites before and after a short anatomy presentation of a human middle ear photograph. They also filled out a survey about the feasibility of the model. Outcome variables included survey scores, pre\u2010anatomy lesson (PreAL) and post\u2010anatomy lesson (PostAL) quiz scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 24 participants (19 residents, 1 fellow, and 4 attendings), none with self\u2010reported proficiency in EES. The PreAL mean score was 4.42 and PostAL quiz mean score was 5.32 (average improvement of 43% [CI\u00a0=\u00a017%\u201370%]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.003). The higher the level of training, the higher the PreAL scores (0.55 points per year of training; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.004). The subspecialty (otology, other, in\u2010training) was also associated with the PreAL scores (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.004). Total survey score means were 22.8 (out of 30).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of our study suggest that our model has adequate anatomical high fidelity to mimic a real, pediatric temporal bone for EES. As 3D printing technologies continue to advance, the quality of ear models has the potential to provide improved surgical training for pediatric EES.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>4<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T11:05:20Z","timestamp":1666955120000},"page":"2133-2138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Validation of a three\u2010dimensional printed pediatric middle ear model for endoscopic surgery training"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7941-6276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua Anthony","family":"Stramiello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of California, San Diego  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie J.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Rady Children's Hospital \u2013 San Diego  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center  Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Good","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Rady Children's Hospital \u2013 San Diego  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Tor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs School of Engineering University of California, San Diego  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Rady Children's Hospital \u2013 San Diego  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"3D Innovations Lab Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7062-8843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of California, San Diego  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Rady Children's Hospital \u2013 San Diego  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27556"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2019.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820913003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820960474"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.08.027"}],"container-title":["Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lio2.945","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/lio2.945","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lio2.945","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T12:53:36Z","timestamp":1729256016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lio2.945"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"references-count":5,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lio2.945"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lio2.945","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2378-8038","2378-8038"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2378-8038","type":"print"},{"value":"2378-8038","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}