{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T03:51:31Z","timestamp":1784346691387,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4-5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aocs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lipids"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gastric emptying (GE) is the process of food being processed by the stomach and delivered to the small intestine where nutrients such as lipids are absorbed into the blood circulation. The combination of an easy and inexpensive method to measure GE such as the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> breath test using the stable isotope [<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C]octanoic acid with semi\u2010mechanistic modeling could foster a wider application in nutritional studies to further understand the metabolic response to food. Here, we discuss the use of the [<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C]octanoic acid breath test to label the solid phase of a meal, and the factors that influence GE to support mechanistic studies. Furthermore, we give an overview of existing mathematical models for the interpretation of the breath test data and how much nutritional studies could benefit from a physiological based pharmacokinetic model approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/lipd.12352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T01:29:05Z","timestamp":1657243745000},"page":"205-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The [<scp><sup>13<\/sup>C<\/scp>]octanoic acid breath test for gastric emptying quantification: A focus on nutrition and modeling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9224-5296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"von Gerichten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Surrey  Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwan H.","family":"Elnesr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Surrey  Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe E.","family":"Prollins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Surrey  Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishanki A.","family":"De Mel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Surrey  Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Surrey  Guildford UK"},{"name":"Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Surrey  Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Surrey  Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7887-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Fielding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Surrey  Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9719-3368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Short","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Surrey  Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.107.048116"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2018.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.12.1725"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.6.825"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12010074"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0822"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000316823"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.1937"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90202-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(83)80232-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015856211261"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"13C\u2010octanoic acid breath test to study gastric emptying time","volume":"17","author":"Bruno G","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13317"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-007-9031-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02770-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200105000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.235"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2010.483740"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665108008859"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13879"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.109.067843"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.1.106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90640-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101451"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-018-0048-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05620-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012758925461"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003940070015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90913-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13546"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1967\/s002449910165"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2015.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107986"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80601-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2006.04449.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2018.10.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2010.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0285-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.654902"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2019.0266"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-8902.2004.0344.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mco.0000170759.55867.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.1440"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114599000124"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13321"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640614542496"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12099"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2015.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm20026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa191"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-018-0454-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.6.768"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2008.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1784841"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02300385"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.280.6.g1227"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6478"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060787"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2011.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1736959"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl18384"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801910"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2017.05.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2015.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1999.00546.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-175"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2009.01283.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-011-9193-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2011.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-014-9693-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(19)45544-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14079"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655200750023174"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.01.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"13C\u2010octanoic acid breath test for measuring gastric emptying of solids","volume":"9","author":"Perri F","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02703920"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.4.824"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.232"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-6670(17)52447-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000077391"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2005.04235.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1540\/jsmr.46.267"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-0103-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10256019708036341"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.1.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1707770"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)91632-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600531126"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2009.02146.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2001.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2018.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2005.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_99_1","unstructured":"YuA.A novel mechanistic and physiologically\u2010based pharmacokinetic model with dynamic gastrointestinal fluid transport 2018."}],"container-title":["Lipids"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lipd.12352","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/lipd.12352","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aocs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lipd.12352","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T12:01:13Z","timestamp":1760961673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aocs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lipd.12352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4-5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lipd.12352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lipd.12352","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0024-4201","1558-9307"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0024-4201","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-9307","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}