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However, their clinical translation is hindered by poor and variable oral bioavailability. This limitation arises from their low aqueous solubility, rapid elimination, chemical instability and weak affinity for \u03b1\u2010tocopherol transfer protein, which restricts systemic retention and tissue distribution. The intestinal absorption of T3 is a saturable, concentration\u2010dependent process mediated primarily by Niemann\u2013Pick C1\u2010like 1 and, to a lesser extent, scavenger receptor class B type 1. This review outlines the pharmacokinetics of T3 and critically examines recent advances in oral delivery systems aimed at improving bioavailability. While existing approaches offer improvement in bioavailability, intrinsic absorption barriers remain a challenge. Future progress requires integrating both physicochemical and biological strategies, focusing on modulating intestinal transporters and controlling the release kinetics to mitigate local saturation. 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