{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:16:56Z","timestamp":1791145016015,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,20]],"date-time":"2007-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1184889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transient optical nerve stimulation is a promising new non\u2010contact, spatially precise, artifact\u2010free neural excitation technique useful in research and clinical settings. This study evaluates safety of this pulsed infrared laser technique by histopathologic examination of stimulated peripheral nerves.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design\/Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposed rat sciatic nerves were functionally stimulated with the pulsed Holmium:YAG laser, previously validated as an effective tool for optical stimulation. Nerves were removed immediately and up to 2 weeks after stimulation and assessed histologically for thermal damage. Laser parameters studied include upper limits for radiant exposure, repetition rate, and duration of stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Radiant exposures with &lt;1% probability of thermal tissue damage (0.66\u20130.70 J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) are significantly greater than radiant exposures required for reliable stimulation (0.34\u20130.48 J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). The upper limit for safe laser stimulation repetition rate occurs near 5 Hz. Maximum duration for constant low repetition rate stimulation (2 Hz) is \u223c4 minutes with adequate tissue hydration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results confirm that optical stimulation has the potential to become a powerful non\u2010contact clinical and research tool for brief nerve stimulation with low risk of nerve thermal damage. Lasers Surg. 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