{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:34:29Z","timestamp":1790026469809,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,17]],"date-time":"2010-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1266364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ablative fractional resurfacing (AFR) creates vertical channels that might assist the delivery of topically applied drugs into skin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate drug delivery by CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> laser AFR using methyl 5\u2010aminolevulinate (MAL), a porphyrin precursor, as a test drug.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two Yorkshire swine were treated with single\u2010hole CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> laser AFR and subsequent topical application of MAL (Metvix\u00ae, Photocure ASA, Oslo, Norway), placebo cream and no drug. MAL\u2010induced porphyrin fluorescence was measured by fluorescence microscopy at skin depths down to 1,800\u2009\u00b5m. AFR was performed with a 10.6\u2009\u00b5m wavelength prototype CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> laser, using stacked single pulses of 3\u2009millisecond and 91.6\u2009mJ per pulse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>AFR created cone\u2010shaped channels of approximately 300\u2009\u00b5m diameter and 1,850\u2009\u00b5m depth that were surrounded by a 70\u2009\u00b5m thin layer of thermally coagulated dermis. There was no porphyrin fluorescence in placebo cream or untreated skin sites. AFR followed by MAL application enhanced drug delivery with significantly higher porphyrin fluorescence of hair follicles (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0011) and dermis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0433) versus MAL alone at skin depths of 120, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 1,800\u2009\u00b5m. AFR before MAL application also enhanced skin surface (epidermal) porphyrin fluorescence. Radial diffusion of MAL from the laser\u2010created channels into surrounding dermis was evidenced by uniform porphyrin fluorescence up to 1,500\u2009\u00b5m from the holes (1,000, 1,800\u2009\u00b5m depths). Skin massage after MAL application did not affect MAL\u2010induced porphyrin fluorescence after AFR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ablative fractional laser treatment facilitates delivery of topical MAL deeply into the skin. For the conditions of this study, laser channels approximately 3\u2009mm apart followed by MAL application could produce porphyrins throughout essentially the entire skin. AFR appears to be a clinically practical means for enhancing uptake of MAL, a photodynamic therapy drug, and presumably many other topical skin medications. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:113\u2013122, 2010. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,17]],"date-time":"2010-02-17T20:07:35Z","timestamp":1266437255000},"page":"113-122","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":252,"title":["Fractional CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser\u2010assisted drug delivery"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Merete","family":"H\u00e6dersdal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda H.","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Farinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apostolos G.","family":"Doukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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