{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T06:12:40Z","timestamp":1785391960330,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,14]],"date-time":"2011-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wide application of ALA\u2010PDT for acne is limited due to relative strong side effects, such as pain and erythema. The objective of this study was to establish a protocol for ALA\u2010PDT that would provide specific destruction of sebaceous glands at the lowest concentrations and shortest contact times of ALA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rhino (hr<jats:sup>rh<\/jats:sup>hr<jats:sup>rh<\/jats:sup>) murine model, an experimental acne model, was used in this study. A freshly prepared hydrophilic ALA hydrochloride ointment (2.5%, 5%, and 20%) was applied to the backs of 16\u2010week\u2010old male rhino mice. The fluorescence intensity (FI) of ALA\u2010induced protoporphyrin IX (ALA\u2010PpIX) on the skin was measured by spectrofluorometry. Skin samples were taken at 1, 2, and 4\u2009hours after ALA application to determine the tissue distribution of ALA\u2010PpIX by fluorescence microscopy. Light irradiation was also performed with a broadband light source (600\u20131100\u2009nm, 15\u2009J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, 60\u2009mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) with subsequent histological examination 1 day after treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prominent increases of ALA\u2010PpIX were observed 1\u2009hour after application of 5% and 20% ALA, while no increase was observed with 2.5% ALA until 2\u2009hours. A direct correlation was found between ALA concentration and ALA\u2010PpIX FI. While no fluorescence was detected 1\u2009hour after application of 2.5% or 5% ALA, 20% ALA produced a strong fluorescence in the epidermis, utricle walls, and sebaceous glands. Histological evaluation showed no damage to skin treated with 2.5% ALA\u2010PDT incubated for 1\u2009hour. Damage was still focused within the sebaceous glands with longer incubation times. Increased ALA concentrations resulted in more prominent damage to the epidermis and sebaceous glands, with deeper damage to the dermis when longer incubation times were used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Focused damage of sebaceous glands can be achieved with ALA\u2010PDT when low concentrations of ALA (2.5\u20135.0%) and short incubation times (to 2\u2009hours) were used. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:376\u2013381, 2011. \u00a9 2011 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.21062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]],"date-time":"2011-06-15T09:20:25Z","timestamp":1308129625000},"page":"376-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Targeting of sebaceous glands by \u03b4\u2010aminolevulinic acid\u2010based photodynamic therapy: An in vivo study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Sachiko","family":"Kosaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Miyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleg 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