{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T07:47:46Z","timestamp":1783064866538,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,27]],"date-time":"2012-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biofilm\u2010related diseases such as caries and periodontal disease are prevalent chronic oral infections which pose significant oral and general health risks. Biofilms are sessile communities attached to surfaces. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been demonstrated to have a significant anti\u2010microbial effect and presents as an alternative to treating biofilm\u2010related disease. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of porfimer sodium induced PDT to treat localized infections of <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic> in biofilm communities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reproducible biofilms were formed by <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> strain ATCC 27351 growing in log phase at 37\u00b0C in Brain Heart Infusion medium, circulating through flow cells at 3\u2009ml\/minute for 36\u201348\u2009hours. The photosensitizer used was porfimer sodium (Photofrin\u00ae) at 125\u2009\u00b5g\/ml with biofilm immersion times of 5\u2009minutes and increasing energy density of post\u2010immersion laser illumination at 630\u2009nm (100\u2009mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). Resulting effects on bacterial viability in the biofilms were tracked by monitoring alamarBlue\u00ae conversion. Supplementary data characterizing the biofilms before and after exposure to PDT were acquired by Multiple Attenuated Internal Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (MAIR\u2010IR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this study show that PDT using porfimer sodium and 630\u2009nm laser light was effective in significantly reducing the viability of <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> biofilms. Maximum effectiveness was seen when biofilms were exposed to both photosensitizer and light versus controls. Porfimer sodium incubation times as short as 5\u2009minutes in solutions as dilute as 25\u2009\u00b5g\/ml and illuminated with as little as 30\u2009J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> resulted in significant decreases in viability of bacteria in biofilms. Optimum parameters appear to be 125\u2009\u00b5g\/ml porfimer sodium concentration and incubated for 5\u2009minutes and 60\u2009J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> of light energy density.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study has demonstrated that significant killing of the cariogenic organism <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> by the combination of a photosensitizer and the appropriate wavelength of laser light was possible even when the bacteria are embedded in an extracellular matrix. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 588\u2013596, 2012. \u00a9 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,28]],"date-time":"2012-07-28T02:06:25Z","timestamp":1343441185000},"page":"588-596","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Photodynamic therapy as an alternative treatment for disinfection of bacteria in oral biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Mang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dharam P.","family":"Tayal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Baier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1479050504001516"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki232"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/37.2.377"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b211266c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2004.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl120"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200320365","article-title":"The application of biofilm Science to the Study and Control of Chronic Bacterial Infections","volume":"112","author":"Costerton W","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00693-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","first-page":"2326","article-title":"Identification of singlet oxygen as the cytotoxic agent in photoinactivation of a murine tumor","volume":"36","author":"Weishaupt KR","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8049(92)90080-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.6.2000-2006.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1993.tb01088.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2008.01187.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20579"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600803"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b311900a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/42.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2011.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3788\/COL20080612.0947"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2351\/1.3367744"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2010.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02780.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1995.tb03101.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b809624d"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.04.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","first-page":"247","article-title":"Effect of critical surface tension on retention or oral microorganisms","volume":"77","author":"Christersson CE","year":"1991","journal-title":"Swed Dent J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","unstructured":"De PalmaVA.Correlation of surface electrical properties with initial events in bioadhesion. 1976. 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