{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:24:33Z","timestamp":1790303073014,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,4]],"date-time":"2013-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006565","name":"University of Johannesburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa"},{"name":"The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research of South Africa"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive therapeutic modality for the treatment of neoplastic and non\u2010neoplastic diseases. The photochemical interaction of light, photosensitizer (PS) and molecular oxygen produces singlet oxygen which induces cell death. The effectiveness of zinc sulfophthalocyanine (ZnPcS<jats:sub>mix<\/jats:sub>) has been shown on A549 monolayers and not on MCTS. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the same pattern of cell death would be induced in lung cancer cells (A549) grown as monolayer cells compared to three dimensional multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) using the same laser parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Commercially purchased A549 cells used in this study were cultured as monolayers and as MCTS. ZnPcS<jats:sub>mix<\/jats:sub> at different concentrations [0, 5, 10, 20, and 40\u2009\u00b5M] was used and activated at a wavelength of 680\u2009nm with 5\u2009J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Lysosomal and mitochondrial damage after PDT and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were determined by fluorescent microscopy. Changes in cellular responses were evaluated using cell morphology, viability, proliferation, cytotoxicity, and cell death analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cells exposed to neither laser light nor PS, showed no changes in cell morphology, proliferation, cytotoxicity, and ROS production. However, cells treated with light activated ZnPcS<jats:sub>mix<\/jats:sub> resulted in a significant production of ROS and a dose dependant decrease in viability and proliferation as well as an increase in cell membrane damage in both monolayer and MCTSs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>ZnPcS<jats:sub>mix<\/jats:sub> PS used in this study induced damage to vital organelles and was effective in inducing apoptosis in lung cancer cells grown as a monolayer and MTCS through ROS production. Lasers Surg. Med. 45: 186\u2013194, 2013. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,4]],"date-time":"2013-03-04T23:45:21Z","timestamp":1362440721000},"page":"186-194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Phototoxic effect of photodynamic therapy on lung cancer cells grown as a monolayer and three dimensional multicellular spheroids"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Sello L.","family":"Manoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolette N.","family":"Houreld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Abrahamse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.2010;IARC launches the definitive cancer statistics resource GLOBOCAN 2008. 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