{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T01:03:50Z","timestamp":1785027830629,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,21]],"date-time":"2013-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research"},{"name":"Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility"},{"name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pores in the sclera are a candidate pathway for aqueous transport and therefore can be utilized to decrease the intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucomatous eyes. Since pore formation is a well\u2010known mechanism for stress relaxation in solids, laser\u2010induced creation of pores in cartilage increases hydraulic permeability and promotes tissue regeneration. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the thermo\u2010mechanical effect of non\u2010destructive laser irradiation on microstructural changes in sclera, in particular pore formation, resulting in substantial increase of water permeability of eye tissues that can be a novel approach to normalize the IOP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experiments were performed <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> on eight eyes of four mini\u2010pigs and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> on eight eyes of four rabbits using pulse repetitive laser radiation of 1.56\u2009\u00b5m in wavelength. Twenty laser spots of 0.6\u2009mm in diameter with laser settings (power 0.9\u2009W, pulse duration of 200\u2009milliseconds, pulse repetition rate of 2\u2009Hz) resulting in substantial increase of sclera hydraulic permeability were applied on the sclera at 1\u20132\u2009mm from the eye limb. Sclera and underlying structures (choroid and ciliary body) of the rabbits' eyes were examined histologically in 1 and 45 days after laser irradiation, atomic force microscope (AFM) was applied before and after laser irradiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Histological and AFM examinations have clearly recognized laser\u2010assisted stable structural alterations: rarefication of the collagen structure in the laser irradiated zone and formation of sub\u2010micron pores. Laser\u2010induced alterations in the structure of ciliary bodies were small in size and mainly reversible. We have proposed a possible mechanism of the arising pores stabilization due to formation of small stable gas bubbles in sclera tissue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is shown, for the first time, that thermo\u2010mechanical effect of pulse repetitive laser irradiation results in pores formation in sclera. That can be a basis of a novel, safe, and effective technique for IOP normalization due to enhancing of uveoscleral outflow under non\u2010destructive laser irradiation of the sclera. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:46\u201353, 2014. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,21]],"date-time":"2013-11-21T13:02:15Z","timestamp":1385038935000},"page":"46-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Microstructural changes in sclera under thermo\u2010mechanical effect of 1.56\u2009\u00b5m laser radiation increasing transscleral humor outflow"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Olga I.","family":"Baum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute on Laser and Information Technologies Russian Academy of Sciences 2 Pionerskaya St. Moscow (Troitsk) 142190 Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil N.","family":"Sobol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute on Laser and Information Technologies Russian Academy of Sciences 2 Pionerskaya St. Moscow (Troitsk) 142190 Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey V.","family":"Bolshunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Institute of Eye Diseases of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences 11 Rossolimo St. Moscow 119021 Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anatoly A.","family":"Fedorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Institute of Eye Diseases of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences 11 Rossolimo St. Moscow 119021 Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga V.","family":"Khomchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Institute of Eye Diseases of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences 11 Rossolimo St. Moscow 119021 Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander I.","family":"Omelchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute on Laser and Information Technologies Russian Academy of Sciences 2 Pionerskaya St. Moscow (Troitsk) 142190 Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgenii M.","family":"Shcherbakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute on Laser and Information Technologies Russian Academy of Sciences 2 Pionerskaya St. Moscow (Troitsk) 142190 Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/9780203007204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(73)90819-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohc.2005.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1987.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.07.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e31817eee0b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364101004010052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(77)90123-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00245.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"SobolEN.Method for correcting vision and a device for its implementation. 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