{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T23:12:01Z","timestamp":1784157121431,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]],"date-time":"2015-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The experimental Thulium fiber laser (TFL) is currently being studied as a potential alternative lithotripter to the clinical gold standard Holmium:YAG laser. Safety studies characterizing undesirable Holmium:YAG laser\u2010induced damage to ureter tissue and stone baskets have been previously reported. Similarly, this study characterizes TFL induced ureter and stone basket damage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A TFL beam with energy of 35\u2009mJ per pulse, pulse duration of 500\u2009\u00b5s, and variable pulse rates of 50\u2013500\u2009Hz, was delivered through 100\u2010\u00b5m\u2010core optical fibers, to either porcine ureter wall, <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, or a standard 1.9\u2010Fr Nitinol stone basket wire. Ureter perforation times were measured and gross, histological, and optical coherence tomography images of the ablation area were acquired. Stone basket damage was graded as a function of pulse rate, number of pulses, and working distance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>TFL operation at 150, 300, and 500\u2009Hz produced mean ureter perforation times of 7.9, 3.8, and 1.8\u2009seconds, respectively. Collateral damage widths averaged 510, 370, and 310\u2009\u00b5m. Nitinol wire damage decreased with working distance and was non\u2010existent at distances greater than 1.0\u2009mm. In contact mode, 500 pulses delivered at pulse rates \u2265300\u2009Hz (\u22641.5\u2009seconds) were sufficient to cut Nitinol wires.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The TFL, operated in low pulse energy and high pulse rate mode, may provide a greater safety margin than the standard Holmium:YAG laser for lithotripsy, as evidenced by longer TFL ureter perforation times and shorter non\u2010contact working distances for stone basket damage than previously reported with Holmium:YAG laser. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:403\u2013410, 2015. Lasers Surg. 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