{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:40:30Z","timestamp":1790790030597,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to evaluate responses to photodynamic therapy (PDT) and its long\u2010term efficacy in preserving normal anatomy and function in women with premalignant lesions of the lower genital tract.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design\/Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifteen patients received PDT for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN), or vulvar Paget's disease between January 2003 and December 2013. Patients underwent colposcopy and\/or vulvoscopy for assessment of lesions. Surface photoillumination with a 630\u2010nm red laser light was applied to the lesions 48\u2009hours after intravenous injection of 2\u2009mg\/kg photosensitizer (PSZ; Photogem\u00ae). The light dose to the lesions was 150\u2009J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The median age of the 15 patients (VIN II: 3, VIN III: 4, VAIN II: 2, VAIN III: 3, Paget's disease: 3) was 42.3 years. The complete response (CR) rate was 80% (12\/15) at the 3\u2010month follow\u2010up and 71.4% (10\/14) at the 1\u2010year follow\u2010up. There were two cases of persistent disease at the 3\u2010month follow\u2010up. One patient with persistent disease underwent partial vulvectomy three times for repetitive recurrence, and the other received secondary PDT with topical 5\u2010aminolevulinic acid (5\u2010ALA) and subsequently showed no evidence of disease (NED). Another patient achieved 90% remission through a combination of additional alternative treatments after showing partial response (PR). In two cases of CR, recurrence was observed at the 1\u2010year follow\u2010up. Regarding adverse events, photosensitivity reactions such as facial edema and urticaria occurred in 13.3% (2\/15) and perineal pain occurred in one patient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>PDT may be an effective alternative treatment for premalignant lesions of the female lower genital tract to preserve normal anatomy and sexual function without therapeutic impairment. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:566\u2013570, 2015. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]],"date-time":"2015-07-15T00:28:51Z","timestamp":1436920131000},"page":"566-570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Photodynamic therapy for premalignant lesions of the vulva and vagina: A long\u2010term follow\u2010up study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Min Chul","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CHA Bundang Medical Center CHA University Seongnam\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi Sun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CHA Bundang Medical Center CHA University Seongnam\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gee Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CHA Bundang Medical Center CHA University Seongnam\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Geun","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CHA Bundang Medical Center CHA University Seongnam\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CHA Bundang Medical Center CHA University Seongnam\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Duk","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CHA Bundang Medical Center CHA University Seongnam\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CHA Bundang Medical Center CHA University Seongnam\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Je Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CHA Bundang Medical Center CHA University Seongnam\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon Young","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CHA Bundang Medical Center CHA University Seongnam\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Jo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CHA Bundang Medical Center CHA University Seongnam\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"613","article-title":"Trends in vulvar neoplasia. 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