{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:01:28Z","timestamp":1792094488901,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]],"date-time":"2016-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of State Development, Government of South Australia"},{"name":"Ellex R&D Pty Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subvisual retinal lasers necessarily cause clinically invisible lesions, hence, they could intentionally or inadvertently be targeted at precisely the same or an overlapping location during repeat laser treatment. Herein, we investigated the structural integrity and cellular responses of localized re\u2010treatment using a nanosecond laser (2RT) currently in trials for early age\u2010related macular degeneration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rats were randomly assigned to one of five groups: sham, subvisual 2RT, subvisual 2RT re\u2010treatment, visual effect 2RT, visual effect 2RT re\u2010treatment. Re\u2010treatment groups were lasered on days 0 and 21; single laser groups were only lasered on day 21. All rats were euthanized at day 28 and eyes were then dissected and processed for immunohistochemistry. For re\u2010treatment, the laser was targeted at precisely the same locations on both delivery occasions. Analytical endpoints included monitoring of retinal vascular integrity overlying lesions, investigation into any potential choroidal neovascularization, assessment of the RPE, quantification of collateral injury to photoreceptors or other neuronal classes, and delineation of glial reactivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repeat laser administration to rats caused ostensibly identical retinal\u2010RPE\u2010choroid responses to those obtained in age\u2010matched rats that received only a single application. Specifically, 7 days after treatment, RPE cells were re\u2010populating lesion sites. No obvious consistent differences were evident between the single and repeat laser groups. Moreover, repeat laser caused no (measurable) additive injury to photoreceptors or other retinal neuronal classes from single laser treatment. In re\u2010lasered animals, there was no increase in microglial activity overlying and adjacent to lesion sites relative to single lasered rats. Finally, there was no evidence of choroidal neovascularization after repeat laser treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall results provide a measure of confidence that re\u2010treatment of patients with 2RT should not provide any additional risk of developing visual scotomas, choroidal neovascularizations, or inflammatory events. Indeed, the collated results indicate that the metabolic and structural disruption to the RPE\u2010retina caused by short pulse duration laser treatment is resolved within a short time frame such that re\u2010treatment elicits a phenotype indistinguishable from single treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:602\u2013615, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]],"date-time":"2016-06-20T09:57:37Z","timestamp":1466416657000},"page":"602-615","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Investigations into localized re\u2010treatment of the retina with a 3\u2010nanosecond laser"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Glyn","family":"Chidlow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Laboratories Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases Frome Rd Adelaide SA 5000 Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Adelaide Frome Rd Adelaide SA 5005 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Plunkett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Laboratories Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases Frome Rd Adelaide SA 5000 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Casson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Laboratories Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases Frome Rd Adelaide SA 5000 Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Adelaide Frome Rd Adelaide SA 5005 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.M.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Laboratories Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases Frome Rd Adelaide SA 5000 Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Adelaide Frome Rd Adelaide SA 5005 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050120030015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2010.03909.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414264"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115797"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08820530490884173"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2007.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157339912800840523"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2010.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181e76da6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Selective retina therapy (SRT): A review on methods, techniques, preclinical and first clinical results","author":"Brinkmann R","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-262444"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.21087"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2012.02756.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182670fea"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12247"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(99)00072-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2003.00143.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30261-9","article-title":"A pilot randomized controlled study on the effect of laser photocoagulation of confluent soft macular drusen","volume":"104","author":"Little HL","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150597004","article-title":"Laser treatment in subjects with high\u2010risk clinical features of age\u2010related macular degeneration. Posterior pole appearance and retinal function","volume":"115","author":"Guymer RH","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Laser treatment in eyes with large drusen. Short\u2010term effects seen in a pilot randomized clinical trial. Choroidal Neovascularization Prevention Trial Research Group","volume":"105","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"CD006537","article-title":"Laser treatment of drusen to prevent progression to advanced age\u2010related macular degeneration","volume":"8","author":"Parodi MB","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"CD006537","article-title":"Laser treatment of drusen to prevent progression to advanced age\u2010related macular degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Virgili G","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155411418115"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714530127"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12358"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.10.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080240126045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"1855","article-title":"Age\u2010related accumulation and spatial distribution of lipofuscin in RPE of normal subjects","volume":"42","author":"Delori FC","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2010.43.3.218"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/JMN:26:1:017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-004-1112-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-007-0646-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2000.0907"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9101(2000)27:5<451::AID-LSM1006>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20592"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15132"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1928"}],"container-title":["Lasers in Surgery and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flsm.22506","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flsm.22506","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lsm.22506","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T18:45:05Z","timestamp":1694976305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lsm.22506"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lsm.22506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lsm.22506","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-8092","1096-9101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-8092","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9101","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]]}}}