{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:36:04Z","timestamp":1787164564212,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]],"date-time":"2016-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effectiveness of needle\u2010free injection devices in neocollagenesis for treating extended skin planes is an area of active research. It is anticipated that needle\u2010free injection systems will not only be used to inject vaccines or insulin, but will also greatly aid skin rejuvenation when used to inject aesthetic materials such as hyaluronic acid, botulinum toxin, and placental extracts. There has not been any specific research to date examining how materials penetrate the skin when a needle\u2010free injection device is used. In this study, we investigated how material infiltrates the skin when it is injected into a cadaver using a needle\u2010free device.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design\/Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a needle\u2010free injector (INNOJECTOR\u2122; Amore Pacific, Seoul, Korea), 0.2\u2009ml of 5% methylene blue (MB) or latex was injected into cheeks of human cadavers. The device has a nozzle diameter of 100\u2009\u00b5m and produces a jet with velocity of 180\u2009m\/s. This jet penetrates the skin and delivers medicine intradermally via liquid propelled by compressed gasses. Materials were injected at pressures of 6 or 8.5 bars, and the injection areas were excised after the procedure. The excised areas were observed visually and with a phototrichogram to investigate the size, infiltration depth, and shape of the hole created on the skin. A small part of the area that was excised was magnified and stained with H&amp;E (\u00d740) for histological examination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We characterized the shape, size, and depth of skin infiltration following injection of 5% MB or latex into cadaver cheeks using a needle\u2010free injection device at various pressure settings. Under visual inspection, the injection at 6 bars created semi\u2010circle\u2010shaped hole that penetrated half the depth of the excised tissue, while injection at 8.5 bars created a cylinder\u2010shaped hole that spanned the entire depth of the excised tissue. More specific measurements were collected using phototrichogram imaging. The shape of the injection entry point was consistently spherical regardless of the amount of pressure used. When injecting 5% MB at 6 bars, the depth of infiltration reached 2.323\u2009mm, while that at 8.5 bars reached 8.906\u2009mm. The area of the hole created by the 5% MB injection was 0.797\u2009mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      at 6 bars and 0.242\u2009mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      at 8.5 bars. Latex injections reached a depth of 3.480\u2009mm at 6 bars and 7.558\u2009mm at 8.5 bars, and the areas were measured at 1.043\u2009mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (6 bars) and 0.355\u2009mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (8.5 bars). Histological examination showed that the injection penetrated as deep as the superficial musculoaponeurotic system at 6 bars and the masseter muscle at 8.5 bars.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When injecting material into the skin using a pneumatic needle\u2010free injector, higher\u2010pressure injections result in a hole with smaller area than lower\u2010pressure injections. The depth and shape of skin penetration vary according to the amount of pressure applied. For materials of low density and viscosity, there is a greater difference in penetration depth according to the degree of pressure. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:624\u2013628, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]],"date-time":"2016-04-14T00:06:52Z","timestamp":1460592412000},"page":"624-628","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Investigating skin penetration depth and shape following needle\u2010free injection at different pressures: A cadaveric study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Joon","family":"Seok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Chung\u2010Ang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang Taek","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Graduate School Chung\u2010Ang University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Jung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Chung\u2010Ang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Rin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Graduate School Chung\u2010Ang University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Ja","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Graduate School Chung\u2010Ang University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Chung\u2010Ang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seog Kyun","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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