{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T07:08:39Z","timestamp":1765609719482,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]],"date-time":"2016-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation (NSF)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1547014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1547014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"UC-MEXUS Dissertation Research Grant"},{"name":"American Society for Lasers in Medicine and Surgery (ASLMS)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The development and feasibility of a novel nanocrystalline yttria\u2010stabilized\u2010zirconia (nc\u2010YSZ) cranial implant has been recently established. The purpose of what we now call \u201cwindow to the brain (WttB)\u201d implant (or platform), is to improve patient care by providing a technique for delivery and\/or collection of light into\/from the brain, on demand, over large areas, and on a chronically recurring basis without the need for repeated craniotomies. WttB holds the transformative potential for enhancing light\u2010based diagnosis and treatment of a wide variety of brain pathologies including cerebral edema, traumatic brain injury, stroke, glioma, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, bacterial adhesion to the cranial implant is the leading factor for biofilm formation (fouling), infection, and treatment failure. <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>), in particular, is the most common isolate in gram\u2010negative bacillary meningitis after cranial surgery or trauma. The transparency of our WttB implant may provide a unique opportunity for non\u2010invasive treatment of bacterial infection under the implant using medical lasers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design\/Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A drop of a diluted overnight culture of BL21\u2010293 <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> expressing luciferase was seeded between the nc\u2010YSZ implant and the agar plate. This was followed by immediate irradiation with selected laser. After each laser treatment the nc\u2010YSZ was removed, and cultures were incubated for 24 hours at 37\u2009\u00b0C. The study examined continuous wave (CW) and pulsed wave (PW) modes of near\u2010infrared (NIR) 810\u2009nm laser wavelength with a power output ranging from 1 to 3\u2009W. During irradiation, the temperature distribution of nc\u2010YSZ surface was monitored using an infrared thermal camera. Relative luminescence unit (RLU) was used to evaluate the viability of bacteria after the NIR laser treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analysis of RLU suggests that the viability of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> biofilm formation was reduced with NIR laser treatment when compared to the control group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and loss of viability depends on both laser fluence and operation mode (CW or PW). The results demonstrate that while CW laser reduces the biofilm formation more than PW laser with the same power, the higher surface temperature of the implant generated by CW laser limits its medical efficacy. In contrast, with the right parameters, PW laser produces a more moderate photothermal effect which can be equally effective at controlling bacterial growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results show that <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> biofilm formation across the thickness of the nc\u2010YSZ implant can be disrupted using NIR laser treatment. The results of this <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> study suggest that using nc\u2010YSZ as a cranial implant <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> may also allow for locally selective, non\u2010invasive, chronic treatment of bacterial layers (fouling) that might form under cranial implants, without causing adverse thermal damage to the underlying host tissue when appropriate laser parameters are used. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:782\u2013789, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]],"date-time":"2016-07-08T11:03:06Z","timestamp":1467975786000},"page":"782-789","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of laser bacterial anti\u2010fouling of transparent nanocrystalline yttria\u2010stabilized\u2010zirconia cranial implant"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Yasaman","family":"Damestani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of California \u2013 Riverside Riverside California 92521"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"De Howitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of California \u2013 Riverside Riverside California 92521"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Halaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California \u2013 Riverside Riverside California 92521"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier E.","family":"Garay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of California \u2013 San Diego La Jolla California 92093"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of California \u2013 Riverside Riverside California 92521"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California \u2013 Riverside Riverside California 92521"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22258"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410027193"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000296"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200303000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.2.FOCUS1026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31820a5470"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.05.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2004.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90922-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC\/2008\/24\/6\/E10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2009.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1997.080401.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"Using the laser for implant maintenance","volume":"11","author":"Mason ML","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dentistry Today"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9101(1998)23:5<299::AID-LSM10>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"441","article-title":"Effects of the Nd:YAG dental laser on plasma\u2010sprayed and hydroxyapatite\u2010coated titanium dental implants: Surface alteration and attempted sterilization","volume":"7","author":"Block CM","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(83)90174-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"582","article-title":"Temperature changes at the implant\u2010bone interface during simulated surface decontamination with an Er:YAG laser","volume":"15","author":"Kreisler M","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Prosthodont"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ID.0b013e3182310d57"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874120701105010047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.mmi_18040593.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2002)0750051RCOWIB2.0.CO2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2006.01298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/104454703322564497"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2012.3343"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-matsci-070909-104433"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2009.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2013.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3264613"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2012.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2009.01835.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2004.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374842"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20614"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.10121"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/104454703322564497"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.11.5379-5386.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201000007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5978\/islsm.20.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0892701021000028488"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Mapping the distance between the brain and the inner surface of the skull: Interest for the study of fossil endocasts","volume":"144","author":"Fournier M","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026212"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/18\/301"}],"container-title":["Lasers in Surgery and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flsm.22558","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flsm.22558","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lsm.22558","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T21:18:32Z","timestamp":1695503912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lsm.22558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lsm.22558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lsm.22558","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-8092","1096-9101"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0196-8092"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1096-9101"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]]}}}