{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T07:37:49Z","timestamp":1788248269438,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Johnson and Johnson Consumer Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent advances in low\u2010level light devices have opened new treatment options for mild to moderate acne patients. Light therapies have been used to treat a variety of skin conditions over the years but were typically only available as treatments provided by professional clinicians. Clinical application of blue light has proven to be effective for a broader spectral range and at lower fluences than previously utilized. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that sub\u2010milliwatt\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> levels of long\u2010wave blue light (449\u2009nm) effectively kills <jats:italic>Propionibacterium acnes<\/jats:italic>, a causative agent of acne vulgaris, <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two types of LED light boards were designed to facilitate <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> blue light irradiation to either six\u2010well plates containing fluid culture or a petri plate containing solid medium. <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic>. Survival was determined by counting colony forming units (CFU) following irradiation. <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic> was exposed in the presence and absence of oxygen. Coproporphyrin III (CPIII) photoexcitation was spectrophotometrically evaluated at 415 and 440\u2009nm to compare the relative photochemical activities of these wavelengths.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>422 and 449\u2009nm blue light killed <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic> in planktonic culture. Irradiation with 449\u2009nm light also effectively killed <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic> on a solid agar surface. Variation of time or intensity of light exposure resulted in a fluence\u2010dependent improvement of antimicrobial activity. The presence of oxygen was necessary for killing of <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic> with 449\u2009nm light. CPIII displayed clear photoexcitation at both 415 and 440\u2009nm, indicating that both wavelengths are capable of initiating CPIII photoexcitation at low incident light intensities (50\u2009uW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Herein we demonstrate that sub\u2010milliwatt\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> levels of long\u2010wave blue light (449\u2009nm) effectively kill <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic>. The methods and results presented allow for deeper exploration and design of light therapy treatments. Results from these studies are expanding our understanding of the mode of action and functionality of blue light, allowing for improved options for acne patients. Lasers Surg. Med. \u00a9 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T08:05:38Z","timestamp":1553760338000},"page":"727-734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["<i>Propionibacterium acnes<\/i> susceptibility to low\u2010level 449\u2009nm blue light photobiomodulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Boyd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Rutgers University  New Brunswick New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center Johnson and Johnson Consumer Inc. Skillman  Skillman New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisa","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Rutgers University  New Brunswick New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Primit","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Rutgers University  New Brunswick New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mackenzie","family":"Purdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Rutgers University  New Brunswick New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen\u2010Hwa","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center Johnson and Johnson Consumer Inc. Skillman  Skillman New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Fourre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center Johnson and Johnson Consumer Inc. Skillman  Skillman New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Miksa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center Johnson and Johnson Consumer Inc. Skillman  Skillman New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharron","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Rutgers University  New Brunswick New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Southall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center Johnson and Johnson Consumer Inc. 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