{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:15:59Z","timestamp":1790871359834,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591142400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550\u201017\u20101\u20100277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550\u201017\u20101\u20100277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI123312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI123312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201603170004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201603170004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61575222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61575222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy, safety, and mechanism of action of antimicrobial blue light (aBL) for the inactivation of <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>, the etiological agent of gonorrhea.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design\/Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The susceptibilities of <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> (ATCC 700825) in planktonic suspensions to aBL at 405\u2010 and 470\u2010nm wavelengths were compared. The roles of oxygen in the anti\u2010gonococcal activity of aBL were studied by examining the effects of hypoxic condition (blowing N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) on the anti\u2010gonococcal efficiency of 405\u2010nm aBL. The presence, identification, and quantification of endogenous photosensitizers in <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> cells and human vaginal epithelial cells (VK2\/E6E7 cells) were determined using fluorescence spectroscopy and ultra\u2010performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Finally, the selectivity of aBL inactivation of <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> over the host cells were investigated by irradiating the co\u2010cultures of <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> and human vaginal epithelial cells using 405\u2010nm aBL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>About 3.12\u2010log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> reduction of bacterial colony forming units (CFU) was achieved by 27\u2009J\/cm\n<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> exposure at 405\u2009nm, while about 3.70\u2010log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> reduction of bacterial CFU was achieved by 234\u2009J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> exposure at 470\u2009nm. The anti\u2010gonococcal efficacy of 405\u2010nm aBL was significantly suppressed under hypoxic condition. Spectroscopic and UPLC analyses revealed the presence of endogenous porphyrins and flavins in <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>. The concentrations of endogenous photosensitizers in <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> (ATCC 700825) cells were more than 10 times higher than those in the VK2\/E6E7 cells. In the co\u2010cultures of <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> and VK2\/E6E7 cells, 405\u2010nm aBL at 108\u2009J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> preferentially inactivated <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> cells while sparing the vaginal epithelial cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>aBL at 405\u2010nm wavelength is more effective than 470\u2010nm wavelength in inactivating <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> while sparing the vaginal epithelial cells. Reactive oxygen species generated from the photochemical reactions between aBL and endogenous photosensitizers play a vital role in the anti\u2010gonococcal activity of 405\u2010nm aBL. Lasers Surg. Med. \u00a9 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T14:07:33Z","timestamp":1559570853000},"page":"815-823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Antimicrobial Blue Light Inactivation of <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>: Roles of Wavelength, Endogenous Photosensitizer, Oxygen, and Reactive Oxygen Species"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7782-5946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School  55 Fruit Street Boston Massachusetts 02114"},{"name":"Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital Medical School of Chinese PLA  28 Fuxing Road 100853 Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Ferrer\u2010Espada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School  55 Fruit Street Boston Massachusetts 02114"},{"name":"Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School  149 13th St Charlestown Massachusetts 02129"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Baglo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School  55 Fruit Street Boston Massachusetts 02114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital Medical School of Chinese PLA  28 Fuxing Road 100853 Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianhong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School  55 Fruit Street Boston Massachusetts 02114"},{"name":"Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School  149 13th St Charlestown Massachusetts 02129"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2_1","unstructured":"CDC2016 Sexually transmitted diseases surveillance.2016.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/stats16\/Gonorrhea.htm. Accessed Oct 11 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_3_1","unstructured":"WHO.Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infecions\u20142008.2012.http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/75181\/1\/9789241503839_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed Oct 11 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.75.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EI10-0009-2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_6_1","unstructured":"CDC.Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States 2013.2013.http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugresistance\/threat\u2010report\u20102013\/. Accessed Oct 9 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_7_1","unstructured":"CDC.Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2015. 2016.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/stats15\/std\u2010surveillance\u20102015\u2010print.pdf. Accessed Oct 11 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1029-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2012.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.7.2822-2827.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23087"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22474"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpc.2017.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-013-1151-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2015.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2009.00474.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.194"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.9.5840-5848.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_20_1","first-page":"50729","article-title":"Fluorescence microscopy methods for determining the viability of bacteria in association with mammalian cells","volume":"79","author":"Johnson MB","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.11.5699-5708.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.51.2.631-641.1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2016.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8864-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw070"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(98)00093-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1986.tb04714.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.106.082388"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0750620"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00514-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)81814-6"}],"container-title":["Lasers in Surgery and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Flsm.23104","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lsm.23104","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/lsm.23104","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/lsm.23104","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lsm.23104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T10:57:45Z","timestamp":1694170665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lsm.23104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lsm.23104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lsm.23104","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-8092","1096-9101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-8092","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9101","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-05-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-06-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}