{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:07:32Z","timestamp":1787062052603,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and\u00a0Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long\u2010term benefits can be predicted by the incorporation of more intelligent systems in lasers and other devices. Such systems can produce more reliable zones of thermal injury when used in association with non\u2010invasive monitoring and precise laser energy delivery. The more classical endpoint of tumor destruction with radiofrequency or long\u2010pulsed (LP) 1064\u2009nm laser is the non\u2010specific appearance of tissue graying and tissue contraction.\u00a0Herein we discuss combining non\u2010invasive LP 1064\u2009nm Nd:YAG treatment with the assistance of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the forward\u2010looking infrared (FLIR) thermal camera while testing literature\u2010based formulae\u00a0for thermal destruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design\/Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The skin on the forearm and back of two consenting volunteers was marked and anesthetized with lidocaine with epinephrine. The parameters of a scanner\u2010equipped LP 1064\u2009nm Nd:YAG laser were adjusted to achieve an epidermal\/superficial dermal heating of between 50\u00b0C and 60\u00b0C over a specified time course. Experimental single treatments examined various adjusted parameters including, fluence, pulse overlap, pulse duration, scan size, and pulse rate. A FLIR camera was used to record skin temperature. Outcome measures included skin temperature, post\u2010treatment appearance, and OCT assessment of skin and vascular damage. The clinical response of each treatment was followed daily for 4 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Optimal protocols initially raised the skin temperature to between 55\u00b0C and 60\u00b0C, which was carefully maintained using subsequent laser passes over a 60\u2010second time course. Immediately post laser, clinical responses included erythema, edema, and blistering. Immediate OCT revealed increased vascularity with intact, dilated blood vessels. Prolonged exposure above 60\u00b0C resulted in sub\u2010epidermal blistering and an absence of blood flow in the treatment area with prolonged healing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The LP 1064\u2009nm laser can be used to achieve heat\u2010related tissue injury, though the narrow parameters necessary for the desired endpoint require the assistance of IR thermal regulation to avoid unacceptable outcomes. The use of the laser scanner ensures precise energy delivery over a defined treatment area. Future studies might explore this as a selective hyperthermic method for the treatment of non\u2010melanoma skin cancer. Lasers Surg. Med. \u00a9 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T20:11:34Z","timestamp":1610741494000},"page":"806-814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessing the Outcomes of Focused Heating of the Skin by a Long\u2010Pulsed 1064\u2009nm Laser with an Integrated Scanner, Infrared Thermal Guidance, and Optical Coherence Tomography"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2212-7075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph N.","family":"Mehrabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of California Irvine  Irvine California 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5988-2197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen M.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of California Irvine  Irvine California 92697"},{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program University of California Irvine  Irvine California 92612"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon D.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michelson Diagnostics Ltd.  Maidstone ME14 3EN UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5883-5188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher B.","family":"Zachary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of California Irvine  Irvine California 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900070505"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"695","article-title":"Studies of thermal injury: II. The relative importance of time and surface temperature in the causation of cutaneous burns","volume":"23","author":"Moritz AR","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"915","article-title":"Studies of thermal injury: III. The pathology and pathogenesis of cutaneous burns. An experimental study","volume":"23","author":"Moritz AR","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"466","article-title":"Studies of thermal injury: IV. An exploration of the casualty\u2010producing attributes of conflagrations; local and systemic effects of general cutaneous exposure to excessive circumambient (air) and circumradiant heat of varying duration and intensity","volume":"43","author":"Moritz AR","year":"1947","journal-title":"Arch Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI101835"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"530","article-title":"Studies of thermal injury: I. The conduction of heat to and through skin and the temperatures attained therein. A theoretical and an experimental investigation","volume":"23","author":"Henriques FC","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14764172.2017.1349321"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000001048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(96)00106-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"2364","volume-title":"Dermatology","author":"Zachary CB","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/672873"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"504","article-title":"Treating cancer with heat: Hyperthermia as promising strategy to enhance apoptosis","volume":"63","author":"Ahmed K","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20787"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.21035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/286480"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-005-0360-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-011-0952-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20606"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12627"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.2002.02076.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Treatment and cosmetic outcome of superpulsed CO2 laser for basal cell carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Kavoussi H","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","article-title":"Treatment of superficial squamous cell carcinoma using the ultrapulse CO2 laser: A case report","volume":"32","author":"Fitzpatrick RE","year":"1993","journal-title":"Update Dermatol Laser Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Concomitant use of a high\u2010energy pulsed CO2 laser and a long\u2010pulsed (810 nm) diode laser for squamous cell carcinoma in situ","volume":"28","author":"Fader DJ","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","unstructured":"Va\u00efsseV ClericiT FusadeTBowen disease treated with scanned pulsed high energy CO2 laser. Follow\u2010up of 6 cases. Paper presented at: Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie\u00a02001."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22310"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22803"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5070\/D38ZC331CT"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Thermal dose requirement for tissue effect: Experimental and clinical findings","volume":"4954","author":"Dewhirst MW","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","unstructured":"DewanN.Optimisation of laser parameters for treatment of basal cell carcinoma. PhD Dissertation. 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23027"}],"container-title":["Lasers in Surgery and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lsm.23377","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/lsm.23377","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lsm.23377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:38:24Z","timestamp":1693269504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lsm.23377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lsm.23377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lsm.23377","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-8092","1096-9101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-8092","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9101","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-12-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}