{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T12:51:31Z","timestamp":1774875091141,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>A novel dual\u2010stage method for active laser drug delivery (DSLADD) in the treatment of nail diseases is being presented. This method includes sequentially performed microporation of the nail with submillisecond pulses of Er:YLF laser radiation through a layer of an aqueous solution of drug deposited on the nail surface (Stage 1) and exposure this layer to the same laser radiation to deliver drug under the nail plate (Stage 2). The delivery of methylene blue (MB) as one of the possible drugs in the treatment of nail diseases is investigated. The influence of the thickness of the MB layer, as well as the energy and number of applied laser pulses, on the rate of active laser delivery is discussed. To illustrate the possible effect of delivery on the drug delivered, special attention is paid to the deformation of the extinction spectrum of MB solution after laser irradiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design\/Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diode\u2010pumped Er:YLF laser was used for DSLADD. The process of DSLADD under the nail plate was investigated using digital video microscopy. For different values of the thickness of MB solution layer applied to the nail plate and the energy of laser pulses, the number of laser pulses required to create a single through a microchannel in the nail plate and the number of laser pulses required to deliver the solution to the ventral side of the nail plate after its microporation were registered. The mass and the dose of MB solution penetrated under the nail plate, and the rate of MB solution delivery through a single microchannel was determined. Investigation of the influence of Er:YLF laser radiation parameters on the extinction spectrum of the drug was performed using a fiber spectrometer. The extinction spectra of the 0.001% aqueous solution of MB were recorded before and after exposure to a different number of Er:YLF laser pulses with the energy of 1\u20134\u2009mJ.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>It was found that the minimum number of laser pulses required for active Er:YLF laser drug delivery under the nail corresponds to the MB layer thickness of 100\u2009\u03bcm and the laser pulse energy of 4\u2009mJ. It is shown that in this case, the rate of active laser delivery of MB solution reaches 0.26\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03\u2009mg\/pulse. The radiation of the Er:YLF laser affects the shape of the extinction spectrum of the aqueous solution of M\u0412, which is associated with the transition of the dye from the monomeric to dimeric state. Depending on the laser pulse energy, the fraction of a certain conformational state in the aqueous MB solution can decrease or increase, stimulating a possible change in its photodynamic and antiseptic activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>For the first time, a novel DSLADD through the nail has been described and investigated <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. It was demonstrated that at Er:YLF laser pulse repetition rate of <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200930\u2009Hz, microporation of the nail plate and drug delivery through a single microchannel will be about 1.5\u2009s. Lasers Surg. Med. \u00a9 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T01:11:40Z","timestamp":1610759500000},"page":"1122-1131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigation of the Dual\u2010Stage Method of Active Er:YLF Laser Drug Delivery Through the Nail and Laser\u2010Induced Transformations of the Drug Extinction Spectrum"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8733-4860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey V.","family":"Belikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Laser Photonics and Optoelectronics ITMO University  49 Kronverksky Pr St. Petersburg 197101 Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5615-8005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia D.","family":"Tavalinskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Laser Photonics and Optoelectronics ITMO University  49 Kronverksky Pr St. Petersburg 197101 Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1891-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey N.","family":"Smirnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Laser Photonics and Optoelectronics ITMO University  49 Kronverksky Pr St. Petersburg 197101 Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3109\/9780203490693","volume-title":"An Atlas of Diseases of the Nail","author":"Rich P","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200001010-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14764172.2011.552616"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16394"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/2211738507666190228104031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2000557"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475419861071"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1623861"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425240802497218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9101(1997)21:2<186::AID-LSM10>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12200-017-0719-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20131932"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23304"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"158","article-title":"Investigation of lasing parameters of diode pumped solid state erbium microlasers","volume":"11","author":"Dubinkin IN","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Tech J Inf Technol Mech Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18287\/JBPE19.05.010305"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.003232"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"107160X","article-title":"Er:YLF\u2010laser microperforation of the nail plate for drug delivery","volume":"10716","author":"Belikov AV","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc of SPIE"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22417"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2003.10.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1991.tb09897.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","unstructured":"ZharovVPDevice for combined laser drug delivery. 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