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Electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL) is a needle\u2010based technology that uses direct current (DC) to electrolyze tissue water creating acid and base in situ. In turn, fat is saponified and adipocyte cell membrane lysis occurs. The electrolysis of water can be accomplished using a simple open\u2010loop circuit (V\u2010ECLL) or by incorporating a feedback control circuit using a potentiostat (P\u2010ECLL). A potentiostat utilizes an operational amplifier with negative feedback to allow users to precisely control voltage at specific electrodes. To date, the variation between the two approaches has not been studied. The aim of this study was to assess current and charge transfer variation and lipolytic effect created by the two approaches in an in vivo porcine model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Charge transfer measurements from ex vivo V\u2010ECLL and P\u2010ECLL treated porcine skin and fat were recorded at \u22121\u2009V P\u2010ECLL, \u22122\u2009V P\u2010ECLL, \u22123\u2009V P\u2010ECLL, and \u22125\u2009V V\u2010ECLL each for 5\u2009min to guide dosimetry parameters for in vivo studies. In follow\u2010up in vivo studies, a sedated female Yorkshire pig was treated with both V\u2010ECLL and P\u2010ECLL across the dorsal surface over a range of dosimetry parameters, including \u22121.5\u2009V P\u2010ECLL, \u22122.5\u2009V P\u2010ECLL, \u22123.5\u2009V P\u2010ECLL, and 5\u2009V V\u2010ECLL each treated for 5\u2009min. Serial biopsies were performed at baseline before treatment, 1, 2, 7, 14, and 28 days after treatment. Tissue was examined using fluorescence microscopy and histology to compare the effects of the two ECLL approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both V\u2010ECLL and P\u2010ECLL treatments induced in\u2010vivo fat necrosis evident by adipocyte membrane lysis, adipocyte denuclearization, and an acute inflammatory response across a 28\u2010day longitudinal study. However, \u22121.5\u2009V P\u2010ECLL produced a smaller spatial necrotic effect compared to 5\u2009V V\u2010ECLL. In addition, 5\u2009V V\u2010ECLL produced a comparable necrotic effect to that of \u22122.5\u2009V and \u22123.5\u2009V P\u2010ECLL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>V\u2010ECLL and P\u2010ECLL at the aforementioned dosimetry parameters both achieved fat necrosis by adipocyte membrane lysis and denuclearization. The \u22122.5\u2009V and \u22123.5\u2009V P\u2010ECLL treatments created spatially similar fat necrotic effects when compared to the 5\u2009V V\u2010ECLL treatment. Quantitatively, total charge transfer between dosimetry parameters suggests that \u22122.5\u2009V P\u2010ECLL and 5\u2009V V\u2010ECLL produce comparable electrochemical reactions. Such findings suggest that a low\u2010voltage closed\u2010loop potentiostat\u2010based system is capable of inducing fat necrosis to a similar extent compared to that of a higher voltage direct current system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T23:11:36Z","timestamp":1629414696000},"page":"157-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring feedback\u2010controlled versus open\u2010circuit electrochemical lipolysis in ex vivo and in vivo porcine fat: A feasibility study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3982-128X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew E.","family":"Heidari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute &amp; Medical Clinic University of California\u2010Irvine Irvine California USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California\u2010Irvine Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0084-2924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen M.","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute &amp; 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