{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:38:58Z","timestamp":1781714338087,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacteremia is a serious and potentially lethal condition. <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> is a leading cause of bacteremia and methicillin\u2010resistant <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) accounts for more than a third of the cases. Compared to methicillin\u2010sensitive <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, MRSA is more than twice as likely to be fatal. Furthermore, subpopulations of seemingly isogenic bacteria may exhibit a range of susceptibilities, often called heterogenous resistance. These heterogeneous antibiotic\u2010resistant infections are often misdiagnosed as hospital\u2010acquired secondary infections because there are no clinically used tests that can differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous antibiotic resistance. We describe the development and proof of concept of rapid bacterial identification using photoacoustic flow cytometry and labeled bacteriophages with the characterization and differentiation of heterogeneous antibiotic\u2010resistant bacterial infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In photoacoustic flow cytometry, pulsed laser light is delivered to a sample flowing past a focused transducer and particles that absorb laser light create an acoustic response. Optically labeled bacteriophage are added to a bacterial mixture that flows through the photoacoustic chamber. The presence of target bacteria is determined by bound labeled phage which are detected photoacoustically. Incubation of bacterial samples in the presence and absence of the antibiotic daptomycin creates a difference in bacterial cell numbers that is quantified using photoacoustic flow cytometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four clinical isolates were tested in the presence and absence of daptomycin. Photoacoustic events for each isolate were recorded and compared to growth curves. Samples treated with daptomycin fell into three categories: resistant, susceptible, and heterogeneous resistant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here we show a method to determine the presence of bacteria as a marker for bloodstream infection level and antibiotic sensitivity in less than 4\u2009hours. Additionally, these results show an ability to identify heterogeneous resistant strains that are often misidentified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T22:02:16Z","timestamp":1640296936000},"page":"418-425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Photoacoustic discrimination of antibiotic\u2010resistant and sensitive <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> isolates"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Edgar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anie\u2010Pier","family":"Samson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Duquesne University  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Duquesne University  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Duquesne University  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Urish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kellum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh Medical Center  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hempel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Duquesne University  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Viator","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Engineering Duquesne University  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555819286.ch17"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2012.712512"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"677","article-title":"An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin. 1940","volume":"10","author":"Abraham E","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.22.4.659-665.1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"CassidyA. Medicare's hospital\u2010acquired condition reduction program. Project HOPE;\u00a02015."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2007.12.010"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"676","article-title":"Daptomycin susceptibility of methicillin\u2010resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)","volume":"136","author":"Kaur R","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.8.000586"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.10015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-010-0770-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23286"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers5041691"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7651_2015_306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8978\/14\/6\/065302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.24.11.115003"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"625","article-title":"Typing of Salmonella dublin and Salmonella enteritidis by means of bacteriophage","volume":"27","author":"Lilleengen K","year":"1950","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.108.090100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"EdgarRH. Evolution of bacteriophage host attachment using DET7 as a model. University of Pittsburgh;2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00469a022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2261"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011218107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.201700070"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.201700070"},{"issue":"2010","key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"20287","article-title":"Photoacoustic detection of circulating melanoma cells as a predictor of metastasis in stage iii patients","volume":"47","author":"Viator JA","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Innov Opt Health Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EdgarR NoelC MinardA FernandezR FitzpatrickM SajewskiA et al. Identification of MRSA infection in blood using photoacoustic flow cytometry. InProc. SPIE 10878 Photons Plus Ultrasound 10878 SPIE 2019.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2510210"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.22.3.365"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004371"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.01.001"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Focus: infectious diseases: vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"90","author":"McGuinness WA","year":"2017","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-016-0154-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9020049"}],"container-title":["Lasers in Surgery and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lsm.23487","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/lsm.23487","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lsm.23487","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T12:13:10Z","timestamp":1692965590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lsm.23487"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lsm.23487"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lsm.23487","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-8092","1096-9101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-8092","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9101","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-02-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}