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Eligibility criteria included articles in English, primary literature, clinical or ex vivo studies, use of radiofrequency, and face or neck treatment. Ablative techniques, home\u2010use devices, combined modalities, and studies unrelated to rejuvenation were excluded. All studies were appraised for quality and biases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 121 articles. Radiofrequency effectively treated acne by reducing sebum levels and lesion count and improving acne scars. Radiofrequency demonstrated a volumetric reduction in facial fat, and improved skin laxity, elasticity, and global skin aesthetic. Patient satisfaction was higher for those desiring modest rejuvenation. There were histological changes consistent with repair response, neocollagenesis, and neoelastinogenesis. Radiofrequency was safe apart from one patient who developed a neck fistula.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most studies demonstrated radiofrequency treatment of acne, scars, or facial rhytids had positive subjective improvement ratings. Objective studies demonstrated reduction of acne, decreased scarring, lifting effect, improvement in elasticity and collagen, volumetric fat changes, and wrinkle reduction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,19]],"date-time":"2021-12-19T06:58:31Z","timestamp":1639897111000},"page":"27-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Evaluating the effectiveness and safety of radiofrequency for face and neck rejuvenation: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9712-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace K.","family":"Austin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Quatela Center for Plastic Surgery Rochester New York USA"},{"name":"Grace Kim Austin, MD, Inc Glendale California USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Facey Medical Group Valencia California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Struble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine California University of Science and Medicine Colton California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito C.","family":"Quatela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quatela Center for Plastic Surgery Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Plastic Surgery Statistics Report","volume":"2019","author":"American Society of Plastic Surgeons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14764170410023802"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2003.09.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20687"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830903043959"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"495","article-title":"Non\u2010surgical radiofrequency facelift","volume":"2","author":"Narins DJ","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.10225"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Fractional Radiofrequency Facial Treatment of Skin Type VI Patients","volume":"17","author":"Battle E","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12435"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14764172.2015.1022189"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000356162"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14712\/18059694.2016.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22071"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Two\u2010treatment protocol for skin laxity using 90\u2010Watt dynamic monopolar radiofrequency device with real\u2010time impedance intelligence monitoring","volume":"13","author":"McDaniel D","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"890","article-title":"Bipolar radiofrequency in the treatment of dermatologic imperfections: clinicopathological and immunohistochemical aspects","volume":"6","author":"Montesi G","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.06.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"756","article-title":"Treatment of skin laxity using multisource, phase\u2010controlled radiofrequency in Asians: visualized 3\u2010dimensional skin tightening results and increase in elastin density shown through histologic investigation","volume":"40","author":"Tanaka Y","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14764172.2016.1262957"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14764170902846227"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Non\u2010ablative radio\u2010frequency rejuvenation: a histological and bio\u2010molecular report","volume":"30","author":"Avantaggiato A","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dsu.12443"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14764172.2017.1334922"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"Group OLoEW. 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