{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:46:59Z","timestamp":1784090819071,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]],"date-time":"2022-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tubular tissue, such as the bile duct and esophagus, often suffers from stenosis due to chronic inflammation or excessive contraction of smooth muscle. Laser treatment using a balloon catheter has been used to treat tubular tissue stenosis by mechanically expanding the tissue and irradiating laser light circumferentially on the tissue lumen. As the balloon is inflated with saline, the residual air in a delivery channel is often accumulated in the inflated balloon. Thus, the air trap may cause physical discontinuities at air\u2010saline interface, leading to unpredictable and nonuniform photothermal interactions. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the optical\u2010thermal effects of the air trap in the balloon on laser treatment of the tubular tissue by means of numerical simulations and experimental validations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A balloon\u2010assisted diffusing applicator (BDA) was developed to inflate a balloon and deliver uniform and circumferential laser light. Before the balloon inflation, various numbers of deflations (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4) were applied to estimate the average amount of the air removed from the balloon. Ex vivo experiments using porcine liver duct were conducted with two deflation conditions (D0: no deflation for air trap and D3: three deflations for no air trap). The balloon was horizontally situated during laser irradiation to maintain the air trap at the same position in the balloon by minimizing gravity effect. Upon balloon inflation, 532\u2009nm laser light was delivered through the BDA to the tissue (irradiance\u2009=\u20094\u2009W\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) at 10\u2009W for 45 seconds to assess the optical\u2010thermal effects of the air trap on the ductal tissue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The size of the air trap was noticeably reduced with the number of deflations. The air trap volume in the balloon decreased to 0.5% of the total balloon volume after D3. Ex vivo results demonstrated that thicker coagulative necrosis (CN) for D0 near the air trap region in the tissue than bottom region that contact with saline, representing an asymmetric profile of CN in the tissue. D0 generated 17% thicker and nonuniform CN (overall CN thickness\u2009=\u20091.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7\u2009mm), compared with D3 with no air trap (overall CN thickness = 1.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u2009mm; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). A threefold larger eccentricity (E) was found in D0 (49\u2009\u00b1\u200931%) than D3 (15\u2009\u00b1\u200913%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both numerical simulations and experiments validated the effect of the air trap in a balloon on the distribution of CN in a tubular tissue during BDA\u2010assisted laser treatment. Further in vivo studies will assess the current findings on the air trap for clinical translations of BDA\u2010assisted laser treatment of tubular tissue stenosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]],"date-time":"2022-02-19T09:03:58Z","timestamp":1645261438000},"page":"767-778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Impact of residual air trap in balloon on laser treatment of tubular tissue"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9103-3550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seonghee","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Pukyong National University Busan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Gia","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering Pukyong National University Busan Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Tecure, Inc. 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