{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T11:30:08Z","timestamp":1770291008926,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background\/Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Optical coherence tomography (OCT) uses low coherence interferometry to obtain depth\u2010resolved tissue reflectivity profiles (M\u2010mode) and transverse beam scanning to create images of two\u2010dimensional tissue morphology (B\u2010mode). Endoscopic OCT imaging probes typically employ proximal or distal mechanical beam scanning mechanisms that increase cost, complexity, and size. Here, we demonstrate in the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of unsedated human patients, that a passive, single\u2010fiber probe can be used to guide device placement, conduct device\u2212tissue physical contact sensing, and obtain two\u2010dimensional OCT images via M\u2010to\u2010B\u2010mode conversion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We designed and developed ultrasmall, manually scannable, side\u2010\u00a0and forward\u2010viewing single fiber\u2010optic probes that can capture M\u2010mode OCT data. Side\u2010viewing M\u2010mode OCT probes were incorporated into brush biopsy devices designed to harvest the microbiome and forward\u2010viewing M\u2010mode OCT probes were integrated into devices that measure intestinal potential difference (IPD). The M\u2010mode OCT probe\u2010coupled devices were utilized in the GI\u00a0tract in six unsedated patients <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. M\u2010mode data were converted into B\u2010mode images using an M\u2010to\u2010B\u2010mode conversion algorithm. The effectiveness of physical contact sensing by the M\u2010mode OCT probes was assessed by comparing the variances of the IPD values when the probe was in physical contact with the tissue versus when it was not. The capacity of forward\u2010 and side\u2010viewing M\u2010mode OCT probes to produce high\u2010quality B\u2010mode images was compared by computing the percentages of the M\u2010to\u2010B\u2010mode images that showed close contact between the probe and the luminal surface. Passively scanned M\u2010to\u2010B\u2010mode images were qualitatively compared to B\u2010mode images obtained by mechanical scanning OCT tethered capsule endomicroscopy (TCE) imaging devices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incorporation of M\u2010mode OCT probes in these nonendoscopic GI devices safely and effectively enabled M\u2010mode OCT imaging, facilitating real\u2010time device placement guidance and contact sensing in vivo. Results showed that M\u2010mode OCT contact sensing improved the variance of IPD measurements threefold and side\u2010viewing probes increased M\u2010to\u2010B\u2010mode image visibility by 10%. Images of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum generated by the passively scanned probes and M\u2010to\u2010B\u2010mode conversion were qualitatively superior to B\u2010mode images obtained by mechanically scanning OCT TCE devices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results show that passive, single optical fiber OCT probes can be effectively utilized for nonendoscopic device placement guidance, device contact sensing, and two\u2010dimensional morphologic imaging in the human GI tract in vivo. Due to their small size, lower cost, and reduced complexity, these M\u2010mode OCT probes may provide an easier avenue for the incorporation of OCT functionality into endoscopic\/nonendoscopic devices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T09:45:27Z","timestamp":1655372727000},"page":"935-944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Passively scanned, single\u2010fiber optical coherence tomography probes for gastrointestinal devices"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9334-9599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David O.","family":"Otuya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas M.","family":"Dechene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darina","family":"Poshtupaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Judson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camella J.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Zemlok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Sevieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Choy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Shore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esmarline","family":"De Le\u00f3n\u2010Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alissa A.","family":"Cirio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tyler W.","family":"Rihm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Krall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5153-9901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Gavgiotaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Baillargeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna H.","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Jansa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amilcar","family":"Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nitasha G. M.","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Indira","family":"Balmasheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catriona N.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ara L.","family":"Bablouzian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Beatty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osman O.","family":"Ahsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8277-4453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo J.","family":"Tearney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard\u2010MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST)  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2002.800510.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77550-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/376367"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.22.12.121716"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(00)70450-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav3505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200507-1148OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.6.1206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599818775711"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1450"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.29.002261"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.21.001408"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.24.000531"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(00)70449-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.3.000239"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.1.000432"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.6.001146"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2008.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.5.000036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.2.002438"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.013819"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010251"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"A micromotor catheter for intravascular optical coherence tomography","volume":"1","author":"Wang T","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.25.9.096010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.22.12.125005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.008125"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.016567"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.6.004302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.444170"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.6.001782"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","first-page":"529","article-title":"Minimally invasive image\u2010guided gut transport function measurement probe","volume":"9","author":"Otuya DO","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","article-title":"Trans\u2010nasal OCT imaging of the small intestine","volume":"10470","author":"Otuya DO","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081909"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.002660"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(05)00746-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.20911"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2018.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1981.sp014003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","first-page":"719","article-title":"Volumetric laser endomicroscopy in patients with Barrett esophagus","volume":"12","author":"Wolfsen HC","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Lasers in Surgery and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lsm.23576","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/lsm.23576","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/lsm.23576","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T04:35:16Z","timestamp":1703219716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lsm.23576"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/lsm.23576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lsm.23576","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-8092","1096-9101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-8092","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9101","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}