{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:21:48Z","timestamp":1791944508504,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Duodenal gastrinomas (DGASTs) are neuroendocrine tumors that develop in the submucosa of the duodenum and produce the hormone gastrin. Surgical resection of DGASTs is complicated by the small size of these tumors and the tendency for them to develop diffusely in the duodenum. Endoscopic mucosal resection of DGASTs is an increasingly popular method for treating this disease due to its low complication rate but suffers from poor rates of pathologically negative margins. Multiphoton microscopy can capture high\u2010resolution images of biological tissue with contrast generated from endogenous fluorescence (autofluorescence [AF]) through two\u2010photon excited fluorescence (2PEF). Second harmonic generation is another popular method of generating image contrast with multiphoton microscopy\u00a0(MPM) and is a light\u2010scattering phenomenon that occurs predominantly from structures such as collagen in biological samples. Some molecules that contribute to AF change in abundance from processes related to the cancer disease process (e.g., metabolic changes, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design\/Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>MPM was used to image 12 separate patient samples of formalin\u2010fixed and paraffin\u2010embedded duodenal gastrinoma slides with a second\u2010harmonic generation\u00a0(SHG) channel and four 2PEF channels. The excitation and emission profiles of each 2PEF channel were tuned to capture signal dominated by distinct fluorophores with well\u2010characterized fluorescent spectra and known connections to the physiologic changes that arise in cancerous tissue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that there was a significant difference in the relative abundance of signal generated in the 2PEF channels for regions of DGASTs in comparison to the neighboring tissues of the duodenum. Data generated from texture feature extraction of the MPM images were used in linear discriminant analysis models to create classifiers for tumor versus all other tissue types before and after principal component analysis (PCA). PCA\u00a0improved the classifier accuracy and reduced the number of features required to achieve maximum accuracy. The linear discriminant classifier after PCA distinguished between tumor and other tissue types with an accuracy of 90.6%\u221293.8%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that multiphoton microscopy 2PEF and SHG\u00a0imaging is a promising label\u2010free method for discriminating between DGASTs and normal duodenal tissue which has implications for future applications of in vivo assessment of resection margins with endoscopic MPM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T12:15:27Z","timestamp":1671020127000},"page":"208-225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Quantitative characterization of duodenal gastrinoma autofluorescence using multiphoton microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3304-1645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Knapp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5129-0736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzann","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanita L.","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6911-0289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Travis W.","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"},{"name":"College of Medicine University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"},{"name":"Wyant College of Optical Sciences University of Arizona  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21493"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-12-0024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000503721"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"229","volume-title":"WHO classification of tumours of endocrine organs","author":"Lloyd RV","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"577","volume-title":"Gastrinomas: Medical or Surgical Treatment. 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