{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T02:16:35Z","timestamp":1740104195447,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lasers Surg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Renal denervation (RDN) is an emerging surgical treatment for resistant hypertension. However, the current RDN using radiofrequency can cause undesirable thermal damage to the medial and luminal layers due to direct contact between the arterial lumen and energy source. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of the new laser\u2010assisted RDN by exploring the potential treatment conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>For ex vivo testing, six different treatment conditions (10 and 20\u2009W applied for delivery of 300, 450, and 600\u2009J) were tested on the porcine liver and renal artery (RA) by using a continuous wave 1064\u2009nm laser wavelength. The ablated area in the liver tissue was measured to estimate the extent of the coagulated area. Histological evaluation was performed on the treated RA tissues to confirm the extent of thermal nerve damage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ablated depth, length, and area in the liver tissue increased with laser power and total energy. According to the histological results, 20\u2009W groups yielded more significant damage to the RA nerves than 10\u2009W groups at the total energy of 300\u2009J (0.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.0\u2009mm for 10\u2009W vs. 2.9\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0\u2009mm for 20\u2009W), 450\u2009J (1.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6\u2009mm for 10\u2009W vs. 6.8\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5\u2009mm for 20\u2009W), and 600\u2009J (2.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4\u2009mm for 10\u2009W vs. 7.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8\u2009mm for 20\u2009W). The treated RA exhibited insignificant medial injury in depth (medial thinning\u2009\u2264\u200925%), and no difference in the medial thinning was found among the six groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.4).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study demonstrated that the 1064\u2009nm laser at 20\u2009W with delivery of 450\u2009J could effectively damage the RA nerves with no or minimal injury to the surrounding tissue. The proposed laser\u2010assisted RDN may enhance physiological effects with insignificant complications in in vivo situations. Further in vivo studies will be conducted to validate the current findings by evaluating the extent of blood pressure reduction and norepinephrine changes after the laser\u2010assisted RDN on a large animal model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T05:05:35Z","timestamp":1720155935000},"page":"664-672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigations of Laser\u2010Assisted Renal Denervation for Treatment of Resistant Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6370-1184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junghyun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence Pukyong National University Busan Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Marine\u2010Integrated Biomedical Technology Center Pukyong National University Busan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7440-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hwarang","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine\u2010Integrated Biomedical Technology Center Pukyong National University Busan Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering Pukyong National University Busan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minwoo","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence Pukyong National University Busan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0861-1354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Wook","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence Pukyong National University Busan Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Marine\u2010Integrated Biomedical Technology Center Pukyong National University Busan Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering Pukyong National University Busan Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Applied R&amp;D TeCure, Inc. 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